Widespread acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for achieving sufficient immunization coverage to end the global pandemic, yet few studies have investigated COVID-19 vaccination attitudes in lower-income countries, where large-scale vaccination is just beginning. We analyze COVID-19 vaccine acceptance across 15 survey samples covering 10 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in Asia, Africa and South America, Russia (an upper-middle-income country) and the United States, including a total of 44,260 individuals. We find considerably higher willingness to take a COVID-19 vaccine in our LMIC samples (mean 80.3%; median 78%; range 30.1 percentage points) compared with the United States (mean 64.6%) and Russia (mean 30.4%). Vaccine acceptance in LMICs is primarily explained by an interest in personal protection against COVID-19, while concern about side effects is the most common reason for hesitancy. Health workers are the most trusted sources of guidance about COVID-19 vaccines. Evidence from this sample of LMICs suggests that prioritizing vaccine distribution to the Global South should yield high returns in advancing global immunization coverage. Vaccination campaigns should focus on translating the high levels of stated acceptance into actual uptake. Messages highlighting vaccine efficacy and safety, delivered by healthcare workers, could be effective for addressing any remaining hesitancy in the analyzed LMICs.

Background: The burden of diarrheal diseases among children is by far more in low and middle-income countries where it is the second leading cause of deaths in children under 5 years. In Rwanda, it is a third leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality where it counts 15% of deaths.

Background Globally, about 10 to 25% of the volume of bio-medical waste from hospitals and healthcare institutions presents a serious health risks to patients, healthcare personnel, and anybody who comes in contact with it. The waste management practices in Rwanda healthcare facilities are poor and need improvement. Objectives To assess the knowledge and practices regarding bio-medical waste management among healthcare personnel at Kabgayi district hospital in Southern Province of Rwanda. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study design was conducted. A total of 200 healthcare personnel were selected randomly out of 400 target population including doctors, nurses, social workers, and cleaners. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive analysis using frequency and proportions were used. Chi-Square test was used to determine the association between the variables and level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results The study found that about half (49.0%) of healthcare personnel had good knowledge about waste management. We found that the majority of healthcare personel 133(66.5%) had poor practices towards bio-medical waste management. The factors associated with good practice were better knowledge on bio-medical waste management (p=0.013) and older age group (p=0.001). Conclusion/Recommendations The level of in both knowledge and practice towards bio-medical waste management among healthcare personnel was low. Continuing education and training programmes and short courses on bio-medical waste management should be carried out to improve the knowledge and practices towards bio-medical waste management among healthcare personnel.

Background Enteric infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, particularly among children younger than 5 years. Climate change projections for Rwanda predict increases in average temperature, along with increases in total precipitation and frequency of extreme rainfall events. Previous research in Rwanda has found that extreme rainfall events increase the risk of contaminated drinking water, a substantial contributor to diarrhoea in this setting. Relatively little is known about the effect of precipitation on more severe clinic-diagnosed infections in rural, low-income settings such as Rwanda. In the context of a randomised controlled trial to assess the effect of a national environmental health campaign in Rwanda, we did a substudy to assess the effect of total and extreme rainfall on enteric infections in children younger than 5 years.Methods For this observational study, we collected data from all government health facilities in Rusizi District, Western Province, for the year 2015. Patient data for children younger than 5 years from 150 study villages were extracted from paper-based registers. Gridded daily precipitation data were downloaded from the Tropical Applications of Meteorology using SATellite and ground based observations (TAMSAT) rainfall dataset in addition to local weather station data. We modelled the effect of total rainfall (in mm) and occurrence of an extreme rainfall event (95th percentile in the past 2 years) on daily health facility visits for enteric symptoms (diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, or vomiting), using Poisson regression with a Newey-West estimator to adjust for serial autocorrelation. We examined total and extreme rainfall within the previous 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks, controlling for weekend day because we observed a consistent reduction in case counts on weekends.Findings Data were extracted from 46 facilities, with a study catchment area of approximately 12 812 children younger than 5 years. Preliminary results showed 3530 cases of clinic-reported enteric symptoms in 2015, with an estimated annual incidence of 276 cases per 1000 children. Number of daily enteric visits were not significantly affected by preceding total rainfall or extreme events within the past 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks using the TAMSAT dataset, and only slightly affected by total rainfall in the past 4 weeks using the weather station dataset (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1•001, 95% CI 1•000-1•003; p=0•037). However, using the weather station dataset, a 10% increase in daily enteric cases occurred when an extreme rainfall event had occurred in the previous 3 weeks (IRR 1•121, 0•994-1•265; p=0•064), and an 18% increase occurred when an extreme event had occurred in the previous 4 weeks (IRR 1•184, 1•044-1•343; p=0•009).Interpretation Clinic data from low-income settings are a rich and underused resource, which can have broad applications for improving planetary health at the household, community, and regional levels. These data add objectivity over self-reported conditions...