In light of evidence supporting a need for humans to increase their dietary folate intakes, experiments were conducted to evaluate the extent to which egg folate levels could be increased. In Study 1, Hyline W36 hens (n = 6/diet) received a barley-based diet, containing 0 or 10 mg/kg of crystalline folic acid, to establish the potential for folate incorporation into table eggs. In Study 2, 70 hens were divided into seven treatment groups (n = 10 hens/diet) and received diets supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 mg folic acid/kg diet. In Study 3, 64 hens received the barley-based diet with or without 4 mg folic acid/kg diet. Eggs were collected and stored for 0, 7, 14, 21, or 28 d, prior to folate determinations. The folate content of eggs was determined by HPLC for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (the sole form of folate in egg yolk). Results from Study 1 showed that a 10 mg/kg inclusion of folic acid increased folate incorporation into egg yolk (41.0 +/- 0.7 microg /egg) over that of an unsupplemented diet (17.5 +/- 0.7 microg /egg; P = 0.0001). In Study 2, the response of egg folate to dietary folic acid supplementation was saturable, with 90% of maximal egg folate levels established at approximately 4 mg folic acid/ kg diet. Results from Study 3 showed that folate levels are stable, in control and fortified eggs, during 28 d of storage at 4 C. In terms of its nutritional value, one large egg collected from a folic acid-supplemented hen provided approximately 12.5% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for adult humans (RDA = 400 mg/d).
Sahlin, A. and House, J. D. 2006. Enhancing the vitamin content of meat and eggs: Implications for the human diet. Can. J.Anim. Sci. 86: [181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194][195]. Enhancing the vitamin content of meat and eggs provides an opportunity to increase the levels of key nutrients-especially those deemed to be at marginal or insufficient levels-in the human diet for optimal health and well-being. In general, enhancement efforts have focussed on developing feeding strategies to achieve optimal vitamin levels in meat and eggs. The definition of an optimal strategy is influenced by factors such as: (1) the efficiency of vitamin transfer into the final product, (2) the impact on animal performance or health, (3) the impact on the quality characteristics of the final product and (4) economic considerations. Vitamins are an extremely diverse class of nutrients in terms of their chemical and physical properties. Each vitamin differs with respect to stability during processing, susceptibility to bioconversion within the intestinal tract, digestibility, transport and storage in tissues. It follows that the development of vitamin-enriched meat and eggs will be highly dependent on the interaction of multiple factors. Ultimately, the success of such strategies must be judged against the contributions that the enriched products make to the human diet in terms of vitamin intake and consumer acceptance of the products.
ObjectivesTo examine whether improved plasma cysteine (tCys) clearance in patients receiving home nocturnal hemodialysis (HNHD) (7 hrs/session, 6 nights/wk), influenced their erythrocyte (RBC) glutathione (GSH) concentration and riboflavin status, compared to patients on standard hemodialysis (SHD) (4 hrs/session, 3 d/wk).MethodsWe measured RBC GSH concentration by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry & riboflavin status by RBC GSH reductase activity coefficient (EGRAC) in 15 HNHD, 15 SHD & 15 healthy controls (HC) participants. Estimated dietary protein intake (PRO), and plasma tCys, homocysteine (tHcy), C‐reactive protein (CRP) and vitamin C were also determined.Median (25th, 75th percentile)ConclusionRBC GSH and riboflavin status may be unaffected by hemodialysis modality in well nourished HD patients. Supported by Kidney Foundation of Canada
ObjectivesElevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) >12μmol/L, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is prevalent (>85%) in patients undergoing standard hemodialysis (SHD). The current study was conducted to determine if lower tHcy associated with longer, more frequent dialysis (HNHD) is a function of dialysate HCY losses and/or enhanced HCY metabolism through the TS pathway (cysteine (Cys) and sulphate production).MethodsA cross‐sectional study including patients (n=33) on SHD (4 h, 3 days/wk), in‐centre nocturnal hemodialysis (INHD) (6‐8 h, 3 nights/wk) and HNHD (6‐8 h, 5‐7 nights/wk). Blood and dialysate were collected during a mid‐week dialysis session.ConclusionsThese data suggest that increased dialysate removal of Hcy alone does not explain lower plasma tHcy in HNHD. Rather, increased clearance of sulfate and cysteine may allow increased TS in patients on HNHD. Supported by Kidney Foundation of Canada
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