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Sap from various species palm trees in which known as neera generally produced by traditional technology in Indonesia. There are 5 well known palm species that produce Neera in Indonesia such as arenga palm, coconut tree, doub palm, nipa palm and palm oil. Neera can be utilized as raw material for various derivatives such as palm sugar, sweet palm toddy, and alcoholic toddy. Tapping of neera is a crucial step because neera prone to immediately degrade and causing poor quality of palm sugar. Traditional sugar processing has some drawbacks for example: low energy efficiency processing and off-specification products. On the other side, sugar palm neera has important antioxidant component which benefits for human that unavailable in normal white sugar from sugarcane. In this current review, characterization of neera from various palms in Indonesia and available technology on sugar palm processing such as spray dryer and membrane ultrafiltration will be discussed.

Background: Encapsulation is one of the methods used to trap active ingredients in the wall material of microparticles. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the encapsulation of red ginger oleoresin using an emulsion crosslinking method with chitosan as the wall material. Methods: Emulsions were formed of red ginger oleoresin with chitosan in concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% (w/v), respectively. The emulsions were then mixed with corn oil and stirred for one hour to obtain a second set of emulsions, and glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) was added dropwise in quantities of 20, 10, 6.7, and 5 ml, respectively. This was followed by the addition of 2 ml of 25% glutaraldehyde and the emulsions were stirred for two hours. The resulting microcapsules were washed with petroleum ether followed by hexane and then dried in an oven at 70 o C. Results: The emulsion crosslinking method used to trap the red ginger oleoresin in chitosan produced microcapsules of good spherical geometry with the mean diameter ranging from 75.61 ± 11.8 µm to 178.65 ± 40.7 µm. The highest yield was 98.93% and encapsulation efficiency was 83.1%. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis showed that the melting point was at a temperature between 120 and 130 o C. Conclusion: Chitosan concentration has little effect on encapsulation yield, whereas the amount of GST tends to strengthen the crosslinking bonds of chitosan and reduces the mean diameter of microspheres.

The chemical composition of clove leaf essential oil obtained from steam distillation process Essential oils are needed in various industries such as industrial perfumes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food industry, and beverages. This study aims to determine the chemical composition of clove leaf essential oil from steam distillation process using GCMS. Dry clove leaves weighing 1.5 kg are included in the kettle flute and sealed properly. Steam from the boiler flows into the kettle with the pressure of 0.5 barG, 1 barG and 1.5 barG for 5, 6 and 7 hours. Mixture oil and water out of the condenser are accommodated and let stand for 24 hours to separate water and oil. Clove leaf oil was purified with 10% bentonite by weight of oil at a temperature of 50oC with stirring for 1 hour. Clove leaf oil that has separated from bentonite added anhydrous Na2SO4 and let stand for 15 minutes and then separate the water and Na2SO4 in oil. Samples with % yield of the largest in its chemical composition analysis using GCMS. Based on the results obtained the largest yield is 1.84% with content of eugenol is 65.03% and 20.94% trans-caryophyllene. Keywords : Clove leaf, Eugenol, Essential Oil, Steam distillationAbstrakMinyak atsiri sangat dibutuhkan dalam berbagai industri seperti industri parfum, kosmetik, farmasi, industri makanan, dan minuman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi kimia minyak atsiri daun cengkeh dari proses penyulingan uap menggunakan analisa GCMS. Daun cengkeh kering seberat 1,5 kg yang sudah bersih dari kotoran dimasukkan dalam ketel suling dan ditutup dengan rapat. Steam dari boiler dialirkan ke ketel suling dengan tekanan 0,5 barG, 1 barG dan 1,5 barG selama 5, 6 dan 7 jam. Campuran minyak dan air yang keluar dari kondenser ditampung dan diamkan selama 24 jam untuk memisahkan air dan minyak. Minyak daun cengkeh dimurnikan dengan bentonit 10% dari berat minyak pada suhu 50oC sambil diaduk selama 1 jam. Minyak daun cengkeh yang telah terpisah dari bentonit ditambahkan Na2SO4 anhidrat dan diamkan selama 15 menit kemudian pisahkan air dan Na2SO4 dalam minyak. Sampel dengan % rendemen terbesar di analisa komposisi kimianya menggunakan GCMS. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapat rendemen terbesar adalah 1,84% dengan kadar yaitu eugenol 65,03% dan trans-caryophyllene 20.94%.Kata kunci : Daun cengkeh, Eugenol, Minyak atsiri, Penyulingan uap

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ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan bahan penyalut terhadap efisiensi enkapsulasi oleoresin jahe merah dan karakterisasi permukaan mikrokapsul. Proses enkapsulasi diawali dengan melarutkan kitosan dalam asam asetat 1 % dan melarutkan sodium alginate menggunakan akuades yang akan digunakan sebagai bahan penyalut. Oleoresin jahe merah dimasukan dalam larutan alginate kemudian diaduk, selanjutntnya campuran dimasukan ke dalam larutan kitosan dan ditambahkan tween 80 dan diaduk menggunakan homogenizer untuk membuat emulsi. Emulsi yang terbentuk dimasukan dalam spray dryer untuk dikonversi menjadi bubuk mikrokapsul kemudian analisis efisiensi enkapsulasi dan morfologi permukaan mikrokapsul menggunakan scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Perbedaan bahan penyalut yang digunakan yaitu kitosan, campuran kitosan-alginat dan campuran kitosan-alginat-sodium tripolifosfat (STPP). Rasio berat oleoresin dengan bahan penyalut adalah 1:1, 1:2 dan 1:3. Efisiensi enkapsulasi tertinggi diperoleh pada bahan penyalut campuran kitosan-alginat-sodium tripolifosfat (STPP) dengan rasio 1 : 3 yaitu sebesar 85,714 %.Kata kunci: efisiensi enkapsulasi, kitosan, oleoresin jahe merah, sodium alginat. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of coating materials on the efficiency of red ginger oleoresin encapsulation and characterization of microcapsule surface. The encapsulation process was started by dissolving chitosan with 1 % (v/v) acetic acid and dissolving sodium alginate using aquadest as a coating material. Red ginger oleoresin was mixed with alginate and then homogenously stirred with chitosan solution and Tween 80 to make an emulsion. The emulsion was converted to a powder of microcapsules using spray dryer. The encapsulation efficiency and surface morphology of microcapsules was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The coating

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