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The HbA1c levels of individuals without diabetes and with periodontitis (group B) were significantly reduced 3 months after non-surgical periodontal therapy, although they never reached the same levels as those of the individuals without diabetes or periodontitis (group A).

Background. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the dentition. Periodontal destruction is an outcome of the imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We wanted to prove the hypothesis that salivary TIPM-1 level will vary in different people. A decrease in TIMP-1 level could make them more susceptible to periodontitis whereas a normal level could prevent increased tissue destruction thereby inhibiting the progression from gingivitis to periodontitis. This could probably pave the way for TIPM-1 to be a specific salivary biomarker and serve as a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in periodontitis. Methods. Whole unstimulated saliva of 2 ml was collected from twenty-five periodontally healthy and twenty-seven systemically healthy subjects with periodontitis. Clinical parameters recorded at baseline and reevaluated after four weeks in subjects with periodontitis following nonsurgical periodontal therapy were gingival index (GI), oral hygiene index-Simplified (OHI-S), probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level (CAL). Salivary TIMP-1 levels in both were analyzed using a commercially available ELISA kit.

Background:The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the association between stress, salivary cortisol, and periodontitis among the inmates of the central prison.Materials and Methods:Seventy inmates were grouped depending on their pocket depth into Group A (pocket depth >4 mm and <6 mm), Group B (at least four sites with pocket depth ≥6 mm), and Group C (pocket depth ≤3 mm). The clinical parameters such as the oral hygiene index-simplified, gingival index, pocket depth, and the clinical attachment levels (CALs) were recorded. Stress was measured using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale along with prison time served. Saliva samples were collected, and cortisol levels were determined using electrochemiluminescence assay. Chi-square test was used for finding the association between the clinical parameters. The correlation between clinical parameters, stress, salivary cortisol levels, and time served was done using Pearson's rank correlation coefficient.Results:The CALs, the stress score and the salivary cortisol levels were significantly higher in Group B (P < 0.001). Pearson's correlation showed a positive correlation between stress, cortisol level, and pocket depth. A positive correlation which was statistically significant was obtained between salivary cortisol level and prison time served by the inmates.Conclusion:Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that there is a positive relation between stress and periodontal disease. The study suggests that salivary cortisol level can be used as a marker to assess stress.

Background Ibuprofen is one of the generally prescribed Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for postoperative pain after periodontal surgery, but are contraindicated in certain patients. Ginger, which is the rhizome of Zingiber officinale , being a common herbal drug having anti-inflammatory as well as analgesic activities can be an efficient substitute for synthetic agents like Ibuprofen. Objectives To compare the effectiveness of ibuprofen and dried ginger powder on pain and gingival inflammation following open flap debridement. Materials and methods Ten systemically healthy individuals with chronic generalized periodontitis were selected for this single-blinded randomized cross-over clinical trial and underwent open flap debridement in at least two quadrants. Each quadrant was randomly allocated to receive either Ibuprofen (400 mg) or Ginger powder capsules (400 mg) thrice daily for three days. Subjects were requested to note down the pain score on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) provided in a printed format, for the first eight hours after surgery and on the following two days, and gingival inflammation was assessed after one week, using Modified Gingival Index (MGI). Result The difference in the VAS score and MGI between the two groups was not of statistical significance. Conclusion Effectiveness of ginger powder for the management of pain and gingival inflammation following open flap debridement is comparable to that of ibuprofen.