The First World War and the Weimar Republic opened new opportunities for Jews in Germany, but they also complicated the Jews' situation. Significant antisemitism accompanied illiberal antirepublican sentiment, and the Jews' place in German society was increasingly called into question. Faced with this challenge, German Jews saw four options available to them: the Jewish particularism of Zionism, the universalism of Marxism, an embrace of German nationalism and minimization of Jewish identity, and bourgeois liberalism. These four positions found representation in the four Scholem brothers: Gershom (born Gerhard), Werner, Reinhold, and Erich. An examination of their lives and their relationship to Judaism and German politics elucidates the options that German Jews considered available in this era and the decisions they made.
Jewish identity trace a trajectory from the "ten-or-twelve-year-old" son's shame over his father's submissive response to an antisemitic assault that Freud recalls in his first major work, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900:197), to the opening filial gam bit of his last completed work, the only one devoted to an extensive analy sis of Judaism and antisemitism, Moses and Monotheism. 1 Often attemp ting to psychoanalyze the father of psychoanalysis, these works render that identity as symptomatic of a son dutifully acting out his own ambiva lent Oedipal scenario whether with Jacob Freud, Judaism, or European modernity (cf., inter alia, Cuddihy; Robert; Rice; Geller 1997).Unlike that vast literature, this article examines the impact of Freud's Jewishness from his position as a father and not as a son. The focus of this analysis is one of Freud's classic case histories, "Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy," popularly known as the Case of Little Hans. This case, with one notable exception-a footnote in which Freud speculates
This paper examines the parapraxes made by, to or about Jewish‐identifi ed individuals discussed by Freud in Psychopathology of everyday life. Each of these errors and slips is occasioned by what he terms a ‘mésalliance’ between a Jew and a Gentile. Such incidents of distorted language betray unresolved ambivalences and unformulated anxieties endemic to Jewish‐Gentile interaction in Freud's Vienna. First, the disturbed relationships between German‐speaking Gentiles and their threatening Doppelgänger, the Jews, are analyzed by means of Freud's analysis of the ‘uncanny’ and an examination of the particular restrictions placed upon the ‘offi cially’ emancipated Jews in the Habsburg Empire, especially with regard to intermarriage. Then, the paper turns to Freud's discussions of explicitly Jewish‐identifi ed individuals and their limitation to illustrating parapraxes associated with what should be the most pleasurable and intimate relationships between Jew and Gentile, namely sexual and connubial relations. His focus upon this confl icted conjunction diagnosed the intrinsically problematic character of Jew‐Gentile interaction in his Vienna.
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