This paper presents an energy-balance control strategy for a cascaded single-phase grid-connected H-bridge multilevel inverter linking n independent photovoltaic (PV) arrays to the grid. The control scheme is based on an energy-sampled data model of the PV system and enables the design of a voltage loop linear discrete controller for each array, ensuring the stability of the system for the whole range of PV array operating conditions. The control design is adapted to phase-shifted and level-shifted carrier pulsewidth modulations to share the control action among the cascade-connected bridges in order to concurrently synthesize a multilevel waveform and to keep each of the PV arrays at its maximum power operating point. Experimental results carried out on a seven-level inverter are included to validate the proposed approach.
Abstract-This paper presents a sliding-mode control design of a boost-buck switching converter for a voltage step-up dc-ac conversion without the use of any transformer. This approach combines the step-up/step-down conversion ratio capability of the converter with the robustness properties of sliding-mode control. The proposed control strategy is based on the design of two slidingcontrol laws, one ensuring the control of a full-bridge buck converter for proper dc-ac conversion, and the other one the control a boost converter for guaranteeing a global dc-to-ac voltage step-up ratio. A set of design criteria and a complete design procedure of the sliding-control laws are derived from small-signal analysis and large-signal considerations. The experimental results presented in the paper evidence both the achievement of step-up dc-ac conversion with good accuracy and robustness in front of input voltage and load perturbations, thus validating the proposed approach.Index Terms-boost-buck switching converter, dc-ac step-up conversion, sliding-mode control.
Purpose of review Over 40% of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) show clinically significant neurological worsening within the acute admission period. This review addresses the importance of identifying the crashing TBI patient, the difficulties appreciating clinical neurological deterioration in the comatose patient and how neuromonitoring may provide continuous real-time ancillary information to detect physiologic worsening. Recent findings The latest editions of the Brain Trauma Foundation's Guidelines omitted management algorithms for adult patients with severe TBI. Subsequently, three consensus-based management algorithms were published using a Delphi method approach to provide a bridge between the evidence-based guidelines and integration of the individual treatment modalities at the bedside. These consensus statements highlight the serious situation of critical deterioration requiring emergent evaluation and guidance on sedation holds to obtain a neurological examination while balancing the potential risks of inducing a stress response. Summary One of the central tenets of neurocritical care is to detect the brain in trouble. The first and most fundamental neurological monitoring tool is the clinical exam. Ancillary neuromonitoring data may provide early physiologic biomarkers to help anticipate, prevent or halt secondary brain injury processes. Future research should seek to understand how data integration and visualization technologies may reduce the cognitive workload to improve timely detection of neurological deterioration.
This paper presents a low cost photovoltaic array emulator design based on a DC-DC Boost converter. This design arises from the need to study in the laboratory new PV inverters based on SiC devices in order to improve their performances. The lack of space for installation of real photovoltaic panels and the high costs of the commercial emulators require of alternative systems which allow the reproduction of the characteristic curves of the panels as well as their dependence on changing environmental conditions. The emulator design is applied to a full-bridge single phase grid-connected inverter. Simulation results are provided to confirm the proper operation of the PV emulator. © 2014 IEEE.Postprint (published version
In this work, a proof of concept prototype for a photovoltaic array emulator based on a DC-DC Boost converter is presented. This design arises from the need to study in the laboratory new PV inverters based on Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices in order to evaluate their performances. The lack of space for installation of real photovoltaic panels and the high costs of the commercial emulators lead to alternative systems which allow the reproduction of the characteristic curves of the panel arrays as well as their dependence on changing environmental conditions. The control algorithm designed for the emulator prototype is implemented by means of a field programmable gate array (FPGA). Experimental results confirm the proper operation of the PV emulator which is applied to a full-bridge single phase grid-connected inverter. © 2014 IEEE.Postprint (published version
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