The Building Energy Index (BEI) is the ratio of total amount of energy consumed by a building in a year over the built area of the building and is measured in kWh/m2/year. As of 2020, Malaysia has a MS 1525:2007 Building Energy Index standard of 135 kWh/m2/year. A lower BEI rating translates to efficient and energy saving environment of a building. Different techniques are being employed in the Energy Conservation Opportunities (ECO) to achieve the recommended standard in Malaysia. Different materials and structural design of low carbon buildings in Malaysia plays a vital role in determining the average BEI rating annually. The Green Energy Office (GEO) building in Bangi which was completed in 2007 has deployed many of its efficient and environmentally friendly technologies to produce a BEI rating of 30 kWh/m2/year, reducing a total of 360 tonnes of carbon emissions a year. The efficiently designed structures of these low carbon buildings utilize many different energy saving techniques like natural lighting, tilting facade, building orientation and insulated concrete roof. This paper identifies and selects green buildings in Malaysia, compares their BEI ratings to understand how they are utilizing Energy Efficient Technologies (EET), innovative concepts and design improvements in reducing carbon footprints to achieve the recommended BEI rating in Malaysia.
Recently, the drowning cases of human beings are at an alarming rate. The current work presents a dedicated review on U-WRB for human rescue operations subjected to drowning. The review from year 1996 to 2018 highlights the key factors such as advantages and limitations of the developed U-WRB’s. Having completed the review, the work further proposes new research pathways that could be beneficial to the scientific community living in the new norm; COVID-19 where minimal contact between humans are of concern when it comes to human rescue operations. Possible new research pathways include but not limited to the type of sensors used, material selection, incorporation of state-of-the-art attachments to the U-WRB and customizable attachments to the main unit based on a given real time rescue operation are proposed.
Research in renewable energy sources has seen an incremental trend for its various advantages over conventional energy sources. Photovoltaic generation system acquires the maximum market share in the energy systems employing the renewable energies. The low efficiency in terms of the output voltage is a prime disadvantage of the photovoltaic generation system. On the other hand, the industries in the majority make use of equipment requiring high voltage input. Considering the requirement of high voltage input for industrial application and the low-voltage constraint of the Photovoltaic (PV) generation system, this paper proposes a modelling and simulation of DC-DC boost converter and three-phase inverter in MATLAB SIMULINK. The circuit is designed based on the traditional standard circuits of the converter and inverter. The investigation resulted the development of an accurate model but also compact compared to other designs. Additionally, this will allow the power electronics circuit simulated beforehand in any experiment-based work.
Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) is a system that comprises of multiple renewable generations with backup generation such as diesel generator or battery system. Currently, most of the remote areas depends on diesel generator for energy. However, diesel releases high amount of CO2. Moreover, diesel prices also are high and fluctuates according to the global market price. Hence, techno-economic analysis of a HRES system of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) were conducted using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) software (HOMER. The analyses include inputs such as load demands and renewable resources. The results include Net Present Cost, capital investment, renewable energy fraction, Cost of Energy and CO2 emissions. Multiple configurations will be assessed that suited best for the selected location.
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