Extensive research has been conducted on Silver Carp Hypopthalmicthys molitrix in the heavily modified Illinois River in the midwestern United States due to the potential for populations to enter the Great Lakes; however, little research has been conducted on populations in unimpounded rivers. The Wabash River is an unimpounded large river in the U.S. Midwest that may be a good model for studying Silver Carp in unregulated river ecosystems that could potentially be invaded if reproducing populations in the Great Lakes are established. In this study we compared population demographics of Silver Carp in the Wabash and Illinois rivers. Abundance was over three times greater in the Illinois than in the Wabash River, although Wabash River Silver Carp had significantly greater mean length, age, and condition and a higher growth rate than did Illinois River Silver Carp. Although the heavily modified and degraded environment in the Illinois River may have aided in the rapid expansion of Silver Carp, intraspecific competition, increased commercial fishing, and competition with native species have likely reduced condition, decreased growth rate, and increased mortality rate of the population. Differences between Silver Carp populations in the Illinois and Wabash rivers suggest that the impacts of invasion may be reduced in ecosystems with little modification. Received May 1, 2014; accepted November 6, 2014
Florida faces the challenge of repeated introduction and autochthonous transmission of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Empirically-based predictive models of the spatial distribution of these species would aid surveillance and vector control efforts. To predict the occurrence and abundance of these species, we fit a mixed-effects zero-inflated negative binomial regression to a mosquito surveillance dataset with records from more than 200,000 trap days, representative of 53% of the land area and ranging from 2004 to 2018 in Florida. We found an asymmetrical competitive interaction between adult populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus for the sampled sites. Wind speed was negatively associated with the occurrence and abundance of both vectors. Our model predictions show high accuracy (72.9% to 94.5%) in validation tests leaving out a random 10% subset of sites and data since 2017, suggesting a potential for predicting the distribution of the two Aedes vectors.
A spin-on sacrificial 193 nm UV absorbing organosiloxane film was developed to facilitate ArF photoresist (PR) patterning. To improve lithographic compatibility with acrylate based photoresists, different performance additives were evaluated as photoresist adhesion promoter. The results suggested that the type and loading of the photoresist adhesion promoter had a large impact on the profile and focus latitude of the patterned photoresist features. An efficient photoresist adhesion promoter candidate was identified, which has minimum impact on other solution and film properties. This work has led to the development of DUO TM 193 organosiloxane based bottom anti-reflective coating. Application of this film as a blanket level bottom anti-reflective coating or as a fill material for via first trench last (VFTL) dual damascene patterning is possible. The SiO structure intrinsic to this film provides a high degree of plasma etch selectivity to the thin ArF photoresists in use today. Furthermore, an equivalent plasma etch rate between DUO TM 193 and the low dielectric constant SiOCH films used as the dielectric layer in the backend Cu interconnect structure is possible without compromising the photoresist etch selectivity. Equivalent etch rate is necessary for complete elimination of the "fencing" or "shell" defects found at the base of the etched trench feature located at the perimeter of the top of the via. Advanced ArF PR features of 100 nm in width (and smaller) have been routinely patterned on DUO TM 193 film. Via fill, plasma etch rate, wet etch rate, ArF PR patterning and shelf life data will be discussed in this presentation.
Florida faces the challenge of repeated introduction and autochthonous transmission of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Empirically-based predictive models of the spatial distribution of these species would aid surveillance and vector control efforts. To predict the occurrence and abundance of these species, we fit mixed-effects zero-inflated negative binomial regression to a mosquito surveillance dataset with records from more than 200,000 trap days, covering 73% of the land area and ranging from 2004 to 2018 in Florida. We found an asymmetrical competitive interaction between adult populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus for the sampled sites. Wind speed was negatively associated with the occurrence and abundance of both vectors. Our model predictions show high accuracy (72.9% to 94.5%) in the validation tests leaving out a random 10% subset of sites and data from 2018, suggesting a potential for predicting the distribution of the two Aedes vectors.
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