The evidence base relating to illicit drug markets, drug supply activities and drug seller characteristics increasingly presents a picture of diversity, whereby differing motivations for supplying suggest different levels of culpability and divergence from a homogenised image of the drug dealer. This paper seeks to explore one specific aspect of this divergence, that of social supply and how the Criminal Justice System currently deals with this in practice and principle. It is argued that social supply is qualitatively distinct from drug dealing ‘proper’ and although this distinction is increasingly acknowledged within the Criminal Justice System, current approaches neither conform to principles of proportionality nor sufficiently understand the nature of social supply to deal with it effectively under existing legislation. Following consideration of these issues, it is argued that social supply should become a distinct offence in law, analogous to how manslaughter is distinguished from the more serious offence of murder.
Coastal cities continue to experience rapid urbanisation and population growth worldwide, linked to the diverse economic and social benefits flowing from proximity to the sea. Growing concern over human impacts upon coastal waters and global strategic goals for healthier cities requires that coastal cities develop innovative ways to inspire and empower communities to embrace and cherish city seascapes. Coastal city communities have much to gain from a healthier relationship with the sea. This paper proposes a collaborative community-led marine park concept that celebrates a city's connection to the marine environment, enhances sustainable economic prosperity and enables communities to participate in activities that deepen understanding, value, care and enjoyment of the city seascape. A city marine park (CMP) is not a marine protected area because it does not have biodiversity and heritage protection or ecosystem governance as a primary goal and does not aim to restrict human activities. A CMP enables city communities to collaborate towards a shared vision of elevated status and value for the city seascape. A CMP considers socio-economic and geographical context, including land-sea connectivity, and is integrated within a coastal city's strategic urban planning. This paper highlights core themes of a CMP and the diverse and wide-ranging benefits from coordinated activities that better connect the city community with its seascape.If co-created with the coastal city community, a CMP will form an enduring spatial nexus for progress toward healthy cities addressing multiple interlinked global sustainable development goals.
Along that part of the Colville River where the plant discovery was made, the exposed rocks belong to the Colville group which is considered to be of Upper Cretaceous age. This group consists of two intertonguing formations, the Prince Creek, which is non-marine. and the Schrader Bluff which is marine~Gryc et at, 1951; Payne, 1951). The plants were found in the Kogosukruk tongue of the Prince Creek formation which is made up principally of bentonitic clays, siltstones, and layers up to four feet thick of bony coal. The rock that contains the plants is an irregularly bedded, light-gray, rusty-weathering, ferruginous limestone that contains about 73 per cent calcium carbonate. Its fine-grained texture, lack of coarse components, and the inclusion of large quantities of extremely fragile plant fragments indicates origin from sediments carried in slowly moving water. All the material of the new conifer came from one block of this limestone about two feet thick that had fallen from an outcrop in the cliff above the river. Although parties representing the United States Geological Survey had measured several sections in this cliff near the plant locality, no limestone is mentioned in connection with any of the sections. The new conifer is represented by numerous fragmentary specimens of leafy shoots (fig. 1-3, 5, 8,11), several detached seed cones (fig. 4, 9,10), portions of staminate inflorescences (fig. 5, 6, 12), and badly preserved seeds, all believed to belong to the same species. After treatment for a few seconds with 5 per cent hydrochloric acid, the brownish-black compressions stand out in sharp contrast to the lighter-colored matrix. The tissues had become altered to the extent that scarcely a trace of structure remains. The dark rustlike residue adheres firmly to the limestone and splits with the rock when the latter is broken. For this reason surface features of the leaves and cones are not revealed well, a fact that is particularly disadvantageous in the cones because the arrangement of the cone scales cannot be observed. The broken condition of the twigs and the fact that many of their leaves are missing indicates that the material had lain on the ground for considerable time before removal to the ultimate site of deposition. At some stage in the process the twigs had obviously become dry and brittle. A noticable feature is the lack of marginal curling that commonly results when fresh leaves are removed from a tree and dried. The environment under which the plants grew and the circumstances of their preservation are believed to have been approximately as follow's. A climax forest in which Parataxodium wigginsii was the dominant species covered a broad expanse of 522
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