An experimental study is performed on the vortex induced vibrations of a rigid flexibly mounted circular cylinder placed in a crossflow. The cylinder is allowed to oscillate in combined crossflow and in-line motions, and the ratio of the nominal in-line and transverse natural frequencies is varied systematically. Experiments were conducted on a smooth cylinder at subcritical Reynolds numbers between 15 000 and 60 000 and on a roughened cylinder at supercritical Reynolds numbers between 320 000 and 710 000, with a surface roughness equal to 0.23 % of the cylinder diameter. Strong qualitative and quantitative similarities between the subcritical and supercritical experiments are found, especially when the in-line natural frequency is close to twice the value of the crossflow natural frequency. In both Reynolds number regimes, the test cylinder may exhibit a ‘dual-resonant’ response, resulting in resonant crossflow motion at a frequency fv, near the Strouhal frequency, and resonant in-line motion at 2 fv. This dual resonance is shown to occur over a relatively wide frequency region around the Strouhal frequency, accompanied by stable, highly repeatable figure-eight cylinder orbits, as well as large third-harmonic components of the lift force. Under dual-resonance conditions, both the subcritical and the supercritical response is shown to collapse into a narrow parametric region in which the effective natural-frequency ratio is near the value 2, regardless of the nominal natural-frequency ratio. Some differences are noted in the magnitudes of forces and the cylinder response between the two different Reynolds number regimes, but the dual-resonant response and the resulting force trends are preserved despite the large Reynolds number difference.

Abstract-We have investigated the porosity of a large number of chondritic interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) and meteorites by three techniques: standard liquidgas flow techniques, a new, noninvasive ultrasonic technique, and image processing of backscattered images. The latter technique is obviously best-suited to subkilogram sized samples. We have also measured the gas and liquid permeabilities of some chondrites by two techniques: standard liquidgas flow techniques, and a new, nondestructive pressure release technique. We find that chondritic IDPs have a somewhat bimodal porosity distribution. Peaks are present at 0 and 4% porosity; a tail then extends to 53%. Type 1-3 chondrite matrix porosities range up to 30%, with a peak at 2%. The bulk porosities for type 1-3 chondrites have the same approximate range as exhibited by the matrix, which indicates that other components of the bulk meteorites (including chondrules and aggregates) have the same average porosity as the matrix. These results reveal that the porosities of primitive materials at scales ranging from nanogram to kilogram are similar, which implies that similar accretion dynamics operated through 12 orders of size magnitude. Permeabilities of the investigated chondrites vary by several orders of magnitude, and there appears to be no simple dependence of permeability with degree of aqueous alteration, chondrite type or porosity.

A flexibly mounted circular cylinder in cross-flow, with natural frequencies in the inline and transverse directions having a ratio close to 2:1, exhibits drastic changes in the vortex structures in its wake, the frequency content of the fluid forces, and the orbital shape of its resulting motions. Stable multivortex patterns form in the cylinder wake, associated with large high-frequency force components.

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The lateral line is a critical component of fish sensory systems, found to affect numerous aspects of behavior, including maneuvering in complex fluid environments with poor visibility. This sensory organ has no analog in modern ocean vehicles, despite its utility and ubiquity in nature, and could fill the gap left by sonar and vision systems in turbid, cluttered environments.To emulate the lateral line and characterize its object-tracking and shape recognition capabilities, a linear array of pressure sensors is used along with analytic models of the fluid in order to determine position, shape, and size of various objects in both passive and active sensing schemes. We find that based on pressure information, tracking a moving cylinder can be effectively achieved via a particle filter. Using principal component analysis, we are also able to reliably distinguish between cylinders of different cross section and identify the critical flow signature information that leads to the shape identification. In a second application, we employ pressure measurements on an artificial fish and an unscented Kalman filter to successfully identify the shape of an arbitrary static cylinder.Based on the experiments, we conclude that a linear pressure sensor array for identifying small objects should have a sensor-to-sensor spacing of less than 0.03 (relative to the length of the sensing body) and resolve pressure differences of at least 10 Pa. These criteria are used in the development of an artificial lateral line adaptable to the curved hull of an underwater vehicle, employing conductive polymer technologies to form a flexible array of small pressure sensors.

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