Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is an effective surgical procedure to treat nasolacrimal duct obstruction. This study was conducted with an aim of comparing the success rate between use of stent and without use of stent in endoscopic DCR. A prospective randomized study was conducted. Total 50 cases with signs of nasolacrimal duct blockage were included. The cases were randomly divided in two groups with 25 cases in each group. Group A cases underwent endoscopic DCR with stent and group B without stent. The follow up was till 12th week. Both subjective and objective outcomes were noted. By 12th week, only 8% cases had no relief of symptoms in group A while 92% cases of group A and all cases of group B had complete relief of symptoms. In objective outcome, by the 12th week, in group A 92% cases had full patency while in group B 100% cases had full patency. Overall complications in postoperative period were seen in 28% patients in group A and 12% patients in group B. In this study the surgical results of endoscopic DCR with or without stent came almost equal with no statistical difference in the success rate between stent group and non-stent group. Now that Endoscopic DCR without stent is equally effective and reduces cost, we recommend that the endoscopic DCR without stent should be preferred.

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BACKGROUND Epistaxis is the most common emergency in otorhinolaryngology. The usual treatment in most cases of anterior epistaxis and almost all cases of posterior epistaxis is nasal packing followed by either cauterization, embolization or ligation. This study has been undertaken to evaluate the use of nasal endoscopic cauterization as the first line treatment both in anterior as well as posterior epistaxis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study consisted of total 36 patients, who presented with epistaxis. All patients were first managed with nasal endoscopy and endoscopic electrocautery. Only the patients in which bleeding point could not be located by initial endoscopy were managed by insertion of nasal packing. The discomforts and minor complications in patients undergoing successful endoscopic cauterization and in the patients who were taken for nasal packing were observed along with average stay of patient in the hospital. RESULTS Out of total 36 patients, 28 patients (78%) could be successfully managed directly by endoscopic cauterization without undergoing nasal packing and the obvious discomfort associated with it. The average length of hospital stay in the patients without nasal pack was 1.39 days while for patients who were managed by nasal packing the average length of hospital stay was around 3 days. The patients who underwent nasal packing, 5 (62%) had minor complications. While in patients with endoscopic treatment as first line management, no such complications were observed. CONCLUSION Along with a good success rate, endoscopic cauterization is very effective in reducing the nasal packing related complications and the duration of stay of patient in the hospital, thus reducing the cost of treatment as well. This makes endoscopic cauterization a better first line management for both anterior as well as posterior epistaxis.

BACKGROUNDA widely accepted technique used for eroded incudostapedial joint or partially eroded incus is tympanoplasty with remodelled incus or malleus. An alternate method used for grafting is using PORP with cymba conchal cartilage interface. This manuscript is a study which compares outcomes of remodelled autoincus with Teflon PORP with cartilage interface.The aim of the study is to compare the restoration of hearing, postoperatively, in patients who underwent tympanoplasty for eardrum perforation with IS joint erosion with chronic otitis media (COM) using remodelled autossicle with Teflon PORP.

<p><strong>Background:</strong> The indications for paediatric tracheostomies have had a significant change world over during last few decades. Emergency management of paediatric airway by tracheostomy has its own share of complications which need fair amount of expertise to manage.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> We carried out a retrospective study at a tertiary care centre in rural area of Haryana and analysed the available data of last 5 years (2017-2021) for determining various indications of paediatric tracheostomies and complications encountered during or after the surgery.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The study included 65 paediatric patients (&lt;14 years of age) who underwent tracheostomy at our tertiary care institute between January 2017 and December 2021. Out of them 38 (60.3%) were males, 35 (55.17%) patients were in 0-5 years age group. Most frequent indication for paediatric tracheostomy turned out to be upper airway obstruction due to a vaccine preventable disease diphtheria (n=56, i.e., 86.15%), other less common causes were need of prolonged ventilation, subglottic stenosis, congenital airway anomalies, retropharyngeal abscess, laryngeal papilloma. Complications were observed in 30 cases (46.15%). Mortality in tracheostomized children was nearly 29.2%, which was mainly attributed to the underlying cause which turned out to be diphtheria in most of the cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> High number of paediatric tracheostomies and sheer presence of diphtheria in this rural area of Haryana suggests that there is dire need of proper immunisation coverage and an active participation at community level.</p>