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Transverse vaginal septum is one of the variants of Mullerian duct anomaly, caused as a result of defective fusion or recanalisation of vaginal and Mullerian organs. At an early age, it commonly presents as primary amenorrhea along with cyclical abdominal pain while later on usually it presents as dyspareunia and infertility. Our 22-year-old patient presented with secondary amenorrhea. It is very unusual for a transverse vaginal septum to cause secondary amenorrhea. MRI and clinical examination raised the suspicion of transverse vaginal septum causing secondary amenorrhea. She attained regular menstrual cycle after septum excision. The proposed theory behind it is obliteration of microperforated transverse vaginal septum because of menstrual blood and cell debris. Thus, a rare possibility of transverse vaginal septum should also be considered as a differential diagnosis of secondary amenorrhea.

Traditionally the school has been the place where teachers and pupils meet each other. It has been the setting where the institutional teaching/learning process takes place. However, various forms of computer-mediated communication are adding interesting new dimensions to regular school learning. Use of the Internet and Web are leading to significant changes in educational models. Effective exploitation of these changes requires adequate attention to understanding the technology, the educational processes and issues, student's characteristics, etc.

Objectives: Lead is one of the most toxic heavy metal prevalent in the environment, which affects almost all major organs including heart, brain, intestines, kidneys as well as reproductive organs. It has been known that serum iron deficiency is associated with increased serum lead levels as lead is a particularly pernicious element to iron metabolism. Lead is also known to freely cross the placenta too; hence, this study was planned to determine any association between antenatal iron deficiency anemia (IDA), raised blood lead levels (BPb), and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Materials and Methods: This was an observational study done on 99 antenatal women with IDA and 41 nonanemic antenatal women. Lead levels were assessed in these 140 antenatal women and they were followed for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Chi-square test was used to find a difference in quantitative variables and Pearson's correlation test was used to assess association between BPb and hemoglobin levels. Results: We found that in 11 out of 99 (11.11%) women with IDA, BPb levels were high as compared to high BPb levels in only 1 out of 41 (2.4%) women without IDA and the high BPb levels ranged from 4 μg/dl–16.9 μg/dl with a mean BPb of 8.1 μg/dl. The difference in BPb among anemic and nonanemic antenatal women was significant ( P < 0.05) and there was a negative dose effect relationship between BPb levels and hemoglobin levels. This difference in antenatal outcomes among women with and without high BPb levels was also significant with increased incidence of pre-eclampsia, FGR, and preterm deliveries in women with raised BPb levels. The incidence of NICU admission was also higher in the neonates of mothers with high BPb levels. Conclusions: We propose screening of high-risk women based on their social, occupational, environmental, and personal factors, with serum lead levels in the preconception period itself. All public and personal measures must be taken to reduce lead consumption and exposure in the preconception and antenatal period.

Background: Endometriosis is an important cause of infertility and chronic pelvic pain. Our study aims to understand the cause and effect relationship of endometriosis with these two clinical presentations. Objectives: 1) To study the correlation between stage of endometriosis with pain and infertility; 2) To evaluate role of transvaginal ultrasound for diagnosis of endometriosis using laparoscopic diagnosis as gold standard. Methodology: Total of 89 women presenting with infertility and or pain and with laparoscopic findings of endometriosis were included in the study. The results were analysed by logistic regression. Results: The mean age of women was 29.67 years. Seventy three percent of patients had moderate to severe disease while 31.46% of patients with endometriosis were infertile. Symptom of pain could be categorised as dysmenorrhea (71.47%), dyspareunia (41.5%) and dyschezia (15.7%). There was no association of endometriosis stage with the pain type, duration of symptoms. Transvaginal ultrasound seems a reliable test for diagnosis of ovarian endometriosis and advanced stage disease. 87.5% of patients with ovarian endometrioma had advanced disease (higher than Stage II rAFS). Conclusion: No correlation was found between the stage of endometriosis and severity of symptoms. Presence of endometrioma on USG was associated with advanced stage of endometriosis.

In latitudinal avian migrants, increasing photoperiods induce fat deposition and body mass increase, and subsequent night‐time migratory restlessness in captive birds, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that an enhanced hypothalamic neuronal plasticity was associated with the photostimulated spring migration phenotype. We tested this idea in adult migratory red‐headed buntings (Emberiza bruniceps), as compared with resident Indian weaverbirds (Ploceus philippinus). Birds were exposed to a stimulatory long photoperiod (14L:10D, LP), while controls were kept on a short photoperiod (10L:14D, SP). Under both photoperiods, one half of birds also received a high calorie, protein‐ and fat‐rich diet (SP‐R, LP‐R) while the other half stayed on the normal diet (SP‐N, LP‐N). Thirty days later, as expected, the LP had induced multiple changes in the behaviour and physiology in migratory buntings. Photostimulated buntings also developed a preference for the rich food diet. Most interestingly, the LP and the rich diet, both separately and in association, increased neurogenesis in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), as measured by an increased number of cells immunoreactive for doublecortin (DCX), a marker of recently born neurons, in buntings, but not weaverbirds. This neurogenesis was associated with an increased density of fibres immunoreactive for the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY). This hypothalamic plasticity observed in a migratory, but not in a non‐migratory, species in response to photoperiod and food quality might represent an adaptation to the pre‐migratory fattening, as required to support the extensive energy expenses that incur during the migratory flight.