Supporting Information and the ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under: https://doi.Figure 3. A, B) SEMimagesofP d/SiO 2 -SZ. C) EDS line scan of selected cross-section core-shell area.D )Surface EDS analysis (values representmol %).
This research aims to investigate steam biomass gasification in a pilot horizontal gasifier using rubber wood pellets (RWPs) and eucalyptus wood chips (EWCs) for producing syngas with an H 2 /CO ratio range of 1.8 to 2.3 for Fischer−Tropsch synthesis. The study was divided into two parts. One was carried out in a lab-scale reactor to determine the effect of temperature and CaO on the gas product composition and the efficiency of tar removal. Another part was determined by investigating the effect of the steam/biomass (S/B) ratio on the produced H 2 /CO ratios in the pilot horizontal gasifier, which used the optimum conditions of temperature and % loading of CaO for tar removal according to the optimal conditions from the lab-scale gasifier. The lab-scale gasifier results showed that H 2 and CO 2 increased with temperature due to primary and secondary water gas reactions and hydrocarbon reforming reactions. The water gas shift and hydrocarbon reforming reaction depressed the CO and CH 4 contents with increasing temperature, respectively. The optimum gasifying temperature was 900 °C, which obtained H 2 /CO ratios of 1.8 for both RWPs and EWCs. The tar yield decreased with increasing temperature and was less than 0.2 wt % when using CaO as a tar-cracking catalyst. The operation of the pilot horizontal gasifier at the operating condition of 900 °C and a S/B ratio of 0.5 using 0.2 wt % loading of CaO for tar removal also produced a H 2 /CO ratio of 2.0. The supply of an external heat source stabilized the gasifying temperature, resulting in a stable syngas composition and production rate of 2.5 and 2.7 kg/h with H 2 /CO ratios of 1.8 and 1.9 for the RWPs and EWCs, respectively. In summary, the horizontal gasifier is another effective designed gasifier that showed high-performance operation.
Conversion of CO 2 to lower hydrocarbons (HCs) is a high potential process that could reduce and sustainably control this greenhouse gas. In accord with The Sustainable Development Goal from The United Nation Development Program, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is viewed as environmentally friendly and is widely used. Small HCs can be directly synthesized from CO 2 hydrogenation over a hybrid catalyst. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the direct synthesis of LPG from CO 2 hydrogenation using a copper/zinc oxide/zirconium/alumina (CZZA) mixed metal and HY zeolite as a hybrid catalyst. The study was conducted in a fixed bed reactor using hydrogen/ CO 2 /carbon monoxide as the reactant gas and evaluating four types of production condition, method of catalyst combination, reaction temperature, CZZA/HY zeolite mass ratio, and catalyst weight/volume flow rate. The mixing type between the CZZA and HY zeolite catalysts markedly influenced the HC selectivity with strong suppression of reverse water gas shift reaction. At the optimum condition, a 27.39 % CO 2 conversion level and a high HC (98.70 %) and LPG (66.56 %) selectivity were obtained.
CO2 conversion to lower hydrocarbons (HCs) is a high-potential method that can significantly reduce and manage this greenhouse gas in the long term. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is widely utilized in transportation. Furthermore, biomass appears to be more attractive for decreasing CO2 emissions through conversion to liquid transportation fuels, as it is a renewable and sustainable energy source. The objectives of this work were to examine the direct synthesis of LPG from CO2 hydrogenation using a mixed metal catalyst composed of copper, zinc oxide, zirconium, and alumina (CZZA), and an HY zeolite as a hybrid catalyst. The study tested four production conditions in a fixed bed reactor with hydrogen/CO2/carbon monoxide as the reactant gas. The mixing between the CZZA and HY zeolite catalysts had a major impact on the HCs selectivity, significantly suppressing the reverse water gas shift reaction. A CO2 conversion rate of 27.39 % was obtained at optimal conditions, along with high selectivity for HC (98.70 %) and LPG (66.56 %). The second part involved a pilot horizontal gasifier to evaluate the Biomass to Liquids Process (BTL). Due to the gasifier's temperature stability at 900 °C, the H2/CO molar ratio remained constant between 1.75 and 2.25. Syngas was converted to liquid fuels at a conversion of 28.56 % in FT synthesis which was caried out at 280 °C and 2 MPa.
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