Social enterprises today are a worldwide phenomenon that has had a major impact on local communities and societies. Apart from pursuing their mission within the market, social enterprises are closely linked through scientific theories with the concept of sustainable development. In practice, they are linked with pursuing so-called sustainable development goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015. It is a universal call to action to end poverty. One of the ways of fighting against poverty is providing people excluded from the labor market with decent jobs. It is one of the main aims of many social enterprises. The aim of this paper is to identify internal and external conditions influencing the functioning and development of social enterprises operating in the Warmia and Mazury region, which is underdeveloped according to the EU taxonomy. This paper used survey research conducted among social enterprises in the region of Warmia and Mazury. In the context of sustainable development as a concept, this paper identifies the scale of influence of the analyzed social enterprises on restoring people who are professionally excluded into the labor market. This paper indicates that not only financial and legal issues limit the development of social enterprises, but also elements such as the insufficient number of people willing to do social work or the level of creativity of the employed staff. It has been established that among analyzed enterprises, the level of received support is associated with the number of created workplaces, but it is not connected with gained income, nor is the volume of employment within the analyzed social enterprises correlated with gained income.
XX stulecia odnotowano we Francji, Belgii i Niemczech. Kształtował się on na poziomie ponad 60%. W tych krajach dzierżawa gruntów rolnych stała się podstawowym czynnikiem kształtującym strukturę obszarową prowadzącą jednocześnie do zmniejszania się liczby gospodarstw, przy wzroście ich przeciętnej powierzchni. Można przyjąć, że w państwach UE zmiany w powierzchni gospodarstw warunkowała instytucja dzierżawy gruntów. System dzierżaw w Polsce nie był rozwinięty w tak dużym stopniu, jak w krajach UE, jednak jak zakładano mógł on przyczynić się do przemian struktury obszarowej w związku z wprowadzonymi przekształceniami własnościowymi w państwowym sektorze rolnictwa.Zmiany ustrojowe zachodzące w Polsce po 1989 roku w istotny sposób zmieniły sytuację społeczno -gospodarczą, w tym również podejście do własności prywatnej i formalno prawnych rozwiązań umożliwiających rozwój dzierżawy gruntów rolnych. W Polsce dzierżawę traktowano jako tymczasową formę użytkowania nieruchomości rolnych, czemu nie sprzyjały również rozwiązania opublikowane w kodeksie cywilnym, które zawierały różnego rodzaju ograniczenia obrotu własnościowego 4 . Według Adama Sadowskiego 5 zasadniczy wpływ na odtwarzanie praw własności nieruchomości rolnych wywarły zmiany wprowadzone w ustawie z dnia 29 grudnia 1989 r. o zmianie Konstytucji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 6 , które zgodnie z zapisami art. 7 zagwarantowały ochronę własności, prawa dziedziczenia oraz poręczyły ochronę własności osobistej. Ponadto gwarantowały odejście od wcześniejszego podziału na własność państwową i indywidualną oraz skłaniały się ku klasycznemu modelowi praw własności. Kolejna regulacja prawna, z 29 września 1990 roku, dotyczyła zmian ustawy o gospodarce gruntami i wywłaszczeniu nieruchomości 7 . Zgodnie z zapisami art. 2 ust. 1 wyłączono z niej grunty będące
Abstract. The paper undertakes to investigate the issue of factors determining utilization and development of arable land belonging to the Treasury Agricultural Property Stock in Warminsko-Mazurskie region. The objective of the paper is to identify factors affecting operation and development of agricultural holdings using lands purchased or leased from the Treasury Agricultural Property Stock. The assessment was made based on opinions of purchasers and lessees of agricultural real estate belonging to the State Treasury in WarminskoMazurskie region. In the research, an opinion survey method is used, realized through questionnaire technique.The research sample included 179 people, ca. 70.9 % questionnaires were returned. 119 questionnaires were qualified for further analysis. The description of data was conducted using descriptive statistics methods as well as Kruskall-Wallis tests for selected variables.According to conducted research, market factors focusing on cost and demand, namely unstable prices of agricultural products and high prices of agricultural means of production, are of crucial significance to functioning and development of analysed farms. Large impact is also that of factors focused on resources, particularly acreage and quality of arable lands as well as available machinery. In opinion of respondents, an important development barrier is also limited access to external sources of financing, particularly credits, and complexity of application procedures for subsidies from the European Union. In case of deterioration of financial and economic situation, majority of respondents would reduce expenditures and attempt to obtain support in form of short-term loan. Importantly, virtually nobody would consider selling land.
The present paper indicates that hydropower, including small hydropower plants (SHPs), may play a very important role in Poland’s energy transformation in the near future. The development of SHPs may also increase water resources in the steppe Poland. Additionally, the aim of the present research is to conduct the PEST analysis of SHPs in Poland, taking into account the SHP potential. For the first time, maps showing the power and location of potential SHPs on the existing dams in Poland are presented. SHPs should be an important element of energy transition in Poland, especially on a local scale—it is stable energy production. Our analysis shows that there are 16,185 such dams in Poland, while the total capacity of potential hydropower plants in Poland would be 523.6 MW, and the total number of new jobs is estimated at 524. It was calculated that the annual avoided carbon dioxide emissions will amount to 4.4 million tons, which will reduce Poland’s emissions by 1.4%. The construction of SHPs can bring significant environmental and economic benefits. As far as the PEST analysis is concerned, the political environment of SHPs in Poland can be described as unfavorable (2.86 points). The economical nature of PEST analysis (3.86 points) should be considered as friendly for the development of SHPs. The social nature of PEST analysis can be considered as neutral (3.36 points). The technological nature of the PEST analysis can be considered as neutral (3.21 points).
The aim of this research was to identify and assess the impact of chosen aspects of farmland lease on the functioning of homesteads in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship. It was achieved through an opinion poll carried out with the use of questionnaires among 101 leaseholders and purchasers from the region of Warmia and Masuria. By the end of 2017, over 4.74 mln ha of land was purchased by the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury (APAoST). The lands of the State Treasury were spatially diverse but the majority was located in north-west Poland. Firstly, they underwent a process of management privatization (administration and lease), and later proprietorial privatization (sale). At the end of 2017, 3,4m ha of purchased lands were permanently managed, the majority of which (80.4%) were sold. The Treasury still owns 1.4 mln ha of lands and leases 1.03 mln ha of it, 11.8% of which is located in the Warmia and Masuria Province. The decision on the form of cultivating the farmlands (lease/purchase) was determined financially (mostly mortgages and private funds), whereas their development and functioning were mostly determined by resources (area and quality of farmland, machinery park), price of farmland, profitability of production, and demand for farm produce. The possible development of homesteads was strongly impacted by a financial barrier, which resulted from the availability of funds needed, liabilities, legal-formal regulations regarding the purchase/lease of agricultural properties, lease rent, and instalments for purchased land.
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