Biogen elements that enter the water in large quantities are one of the main pollutants in the aquatic environment. They lead both to eutrophication of the reservoir and a decrease in the viability of young fish, acting as toxin. The energy enzyme activity (lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase), nitrogen (glutamate dehydrogenase) metabolism, dephosphorylation processes, and immune protection (by alkaline phosphatase activity) under the long-term action of ammonium nitrogen and phosphorus phosphates was studied. The biological object of research were 30–45 day common carp juveniles (Cyprinus carpio L.). According to our results, the peculiarities of the adaptive reactions of young carp to the action of these compounds have been established. We revealed, that under the loading of ammonium nitrogen, the activity of the processes of anaerobic digestion of energy-intensive complex increases directly in the organs of neutralization and excretion of nitrogenous compounds, namely in the gills. In general, the body of the carp due to these actions reduces the total energy consumption for maximum survival in these environmental conditions. We registered, that under the influence of elevated concentrations of phosphorus phosphates, oxidation of biogen elements to the body's energy needs in the presence of oxygen was observed. The processes of immune defense and dephosphorylation, for which LPh is responsible, also the detoxification, the excretion of nitrogenous substances from the body of carp (GDG) occurred differently depending on the chemical nature of the toxin. Thus, under the influence of ammonium nitrogen there was an increase in the activity of LPh in the highest concentrations of the toxin, and the activity of GDG decreased to reduce the production of ammonia, to avoid endogenous intoxication. Through these load of potassium monophosphate, the rise in the activity of immune defense processes and the involvement of ammonia in the cycle of tricarboxylic acids due to reamination to the energy supply of the processes of counteracting the weak but chronic toxic effects of orthophosphate ion. Under the load of ammonium chloride was observed not only the use of “traditional” energy substrates - glycogen and lipids, as well as proteins, which indicates the high toxicity of this compound for the body of young carp. Through the action of orthophosphate ion, the active use of lipids and even the activation of gluconeogenesis at maximum concentrations, as a reaction to weak long-term chemical stress.
There was grounded the expedience of using cryopowder “Pumpkin” in the technology of sweet and salt cheese masses. The possibility of using cryopowder “Pumpkin” as a component of therapeutic and prophylactic cheeses masses was studied. The main factors of introduction of cryoadditive “Pumpkin” are: normative organoleptic properties of product and its daily norm. The production of cheese masses with cryoadditive “Pumpkin” provides their combination with sugar or salt. The use of cryoadditive “Pumpkin” needs preliminary comminution and mixing them with sugar-sand or salt. The receipts of 4 types of cheese masses with cryoadditive “Pumpkin” (two fatless and two semi-fat ones) were elaborated. At introduction of cryoadditive “Pumpkin” in cheese masses their food value increased. The organoleptic, technological and commodity characteristics of these cheese masses were studied. It was established, that the color of sweet cheese masses was cream with separate yellow dots of comminuted powder-like cryoadditive and the color of salt cheese masses was, correspondingly, yellow. In sweet cheese masses the distinct smell of cryoadditive was perceptible, whereas in salt cheese masses it was fresh, sour-milk. The flavor of studied samples was more expressed in sweet cheese masses. The offered cheese masses had pleasant, original commodity look, normative physical-chemical characteristics. The titrated acidity of studied samples of salt cheese masses was 124–130 °Т, moisture ms - 62–60 % and dry substances – 40–38 %, and titrated acidity of studied samples of sweet cheese masses was126–134 °Т, moisture ms 63–66 % and dry substances – 34–37 %. The offered production widens the assortment of milk products of therapeutic and prophylactic direction.
Стан харчування населення – один із найважливіших факторів, що визначає здоров'я і збереження генофонду нації у забезпеченні збалансованого харчування. Використання рослинних біодобавок у цьому плані містить невичерпне джерело та ресурси. Використання кріопорошків, як фітодобавок до молочних продуктів, вміле їх поєднання несе у собі великі перспективи, як у соціальному, так і біолого–технологічному плані. Кріопорошки – це інноваційні продукти, що містять необхідні вітаміни і мікроелементи, створені самою природою. Дані рослинні біодобавки володіють лікувально–профілактичними властивостями і збагачують їжу вітамінами, макро– та мікроелементами та іншими БАР. Розроблено промислові рецептури солодких та солених сиркових мас лікувально–профілактичного напрямку із кріопорошком «Гарбуз». У солодких сиркових масах вміст кріодобавки є вищим, ніж у солених. При збільшенні жирності «молочної основи» кількість кріодобавки також збільшується. Вивчено рецептурні відмінності у солених та солодких сиркових масах, їх вплив на формування органолептичних, фізико–хімічних та біологічних характеристик. Внесення кріопорошку у сиркові маси поряд з лікувально–профілактичною дією приводить до зростання їх енергетичної цінності та всіх нормативних вітамінів. Зразки мали приємний товарний вигляд. Пропонована продукція розширює вітчизняний асортимент молочних продуктів лікувально–профілактичного спрямування. Розробки захищені патентом.
We studied the impact of nitrate and cadmium load on protein and nitrogen metabolism in young cattle. The feeding with forage of sodium nitrate at a dose of 0.15 g NO3/kg and cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg of body weight leads to a violation of protein and nitrogen exchange, as indicated by the low levels of urea, total protein and high levels of ammonia. We registered that the lowest urea content in blood serum of research bulls was on the 20 th day of the experiment. The combined use of nitrate and cadmium on the animals was accompanied with a greater reduction of urea concentration in their blood, caused by sodium nitrate. The gradual reduction of urea in the blood serum of bulls indicated reduced activity of metabolic processes in an organism of bulls and inhibition of functional capacity of the liver to synthesize proteins. Under the influence of nitrites and cadmium in our experiments in an organism of bulls was set the decrease in total protein in serum, depending on the intensity of met hemoglobin formation and the level of aggressive forms of oxygen, are formed after the activation of these processes. The changes of total protein level in the blood serum can be considered as suppression of protein synthesizing liver function. Calves feeding with sodium nitrate and cadmium chloride promoted significant increase of ammonia in the blood serum than just feeding of calves with sodium nitrate. On the twentieth day of the experiment the level of ammonia in the second experimental group of animals was higher by 53% towards the control.
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