Abstract:Objectives: The objective of the study was to analyze an association between selected factors and pancreatic cancer, assuming that knowing the etiology would help infl uence the incidence of this severe type of cancer through primary prevention. In addition to age, gender, BMI and education, the analysis aimed at assessing occupational and leisure-time physical activities with respect to pancreatic cancer. Background: In numerous studies, physical activity is reported to be a protective factor against pancreatic cancer. Methods: A case-control study was carried out in three centers in the Czech Republic in 2006-2009. Results: The study comprised a total of 529 individuals, of which 309 were patients with pancreatic cancer and 220 were controls. Leisure-time physical activity showed a statistically signifi cant inverse association with a crude odds ratio of 0.65 (95% CI 0.45-0.93), even after adjustment for other studied factors (OR =0.63, 95% CI 0.43-0.92). Conversely, for occupational physical activity, a positive association was only suggested. Conclusions: Leisure-time physical activity is a protective factor against the development of pancreatic cancer. Occupational physical activity was not confi rmed as a protective factor against pancreatic cancer (Tab. 4, Fig. 1, Ref. 22). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in the Czech Republic and worldwide. Also, a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, a high proportion of smokers in the population, and one of the highest per capita alcohol consumption rates are typical for the Czech population. The role of general practitioners in the prevention of colorectal cancer is crucial. In primary prevention, the doctor should emphasise the importance of a healthy lifestyle – a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, maintaining a normal body weight, adequate physical activity, and non-smoking. In secondary prevention, patients should be informed about the possibilities of colorectal cancer screening and the benefits of early detection of the disease. Participation rates of the target population for colorectal cancer screening are low. Steps leading to increased participation in colorectal cancer screening (including postal invitations) play an important role in influencing the mortality of colorectal cancer.

AbstractThe role of vegetable and fruit consumption in the aetiology of kidney cancer was analyzed using data from a case-control study conducted in two centres in the Czech Republic between 1999 and 2003. The study comprised 300 patients with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed kidney cancer and 335 controls. Information on dietary habits was obtained using a standardized food frequency questionnaire including 23 food items. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression models. A strong protective effect of vegetables consumption on renal cell carcinoma risk was observed among people with high consumption of fresh vegetables (OR 0.42 95% CI (0.29–0.60)) and cooked vegetables (OR 0.71, 95% CI (0.51–1.00)). The protective role of fresh fruit was significant as crude OR 0.71, 95% CI (0.50–1.00), but after adjusting for the main risk factors no association was found (OR 1.08, 95% CI (0.71–1.64)). The protective role of pickled vegetables disappeared after adjustment for the main risk factors.

Secondhand smoke (SHS), composed of mainstream and sidestream smoke, is a known human carcinogen. It contains a variety of harmful substances at even higher concentrations than mainstream smoke itself, which is inhaled during firsthand smoking. Exposure to SHS, affecting more than a third of the worldwide population, increases the likelihood of lung cancer by roughly 30%, with specific contributions depending on the histological type of cancer. This study aimed to present the harmful potential of SHS through case reports and describe the burden of SHS via a literature review. From a collection of lung cancer case reports occurring in never smokers from the Olomouc district over the last 10 years, 2 cases with no risk factors for lung cancer except for significant exposure to SHS were identified. Both cases were of young women who lived in households where their parents smoked during childhood. They suffered from rarer histological types of lung cancer in which the association with SHS has not yet been analyzed. As the literature confirms, SHS has the most adverse effects in individuals exposed during childhood. It is necessary to both take measures to reduce the prevalence of SHS, especially among children in households and pay due attention to the smoking history of patients, including current and previous exposure to SHS, when obtaining anamnestic data. Furthermore, the effect of SHS on rarer histological types of lung cancer should be studied.

Východiska: Karcinom pankreatu patří k závažným nádorovým onemocněním s nepříznivým vývojem. Vzhledem k odlišnostem ve výskytu tohoto nádorového onemocnění v jednotlivých regionech je zřejmé, že významnou úlohu v etiologii budou hrát faktory spojené s životním stylem. Cílem předkládané práce bylo vyhodnocení vlivu vybraných faktorů životního stylu ve vztahu ke karcinomu pankreatu. Materiál a metody: Do studie bylo zařazeno celkem 529 osob, z toho 309 s karcinomem pankreatu a 220 osob v kontrolním souboru. Případy byly vybírány v nemocnicích v jednotlivých centrech (Fakultní nemocnice Olomouc, Fakultní nemocnice Ostrava a Nemocnice České Budějovice, a. s.) z osob, u kterých byl nově dia gnostikován karcinom pankreatu a které žily v příslušném regionu. Kontrolní skupina byla získána ve spolupráci s vybranými praktickými lékaři pro dospělé a jedná se o populační kontrolní skupinu. Informace byly získávány od zúčastněných osob přímo, formou rozhovoru s vyškoleným tazatelem a byly zaznamenávány do standardizovaného dotazníku. Výsledky: Analýzy při srovnání osob, které uvedly, že konzumují alkohol, s osobami, které alkohol nekonzumují, ukázaly statisticky významnou inverzní asociaci, a to i po adjustaci dalším sledovaným faktorům (OR = 0,57, 95% IS 0,36-0,89). Při hodnocení fyzické aktivity ve volném čase byla zjištěna statisticky významná inverzní asociace a snížení rizika o 35 % (hrubé OR = 0,65, 95% IS 0,45-0,93) a tato inverzní asociace se potvrdila i po přizpůsobení ostatním hodnoceným faktorům, i když výsledek je na hranici statistické významnosti (adjustované OR = 0,68, 95% IS 0,44-1,04). Pití kávy a čaje má pouze marginální vliv na vznik karcinomu pankreatu, i když u střední a vysoké konzumace černého čaje bylo nalezeno zvýšení rizika o 90, resp. 44 %. Kouření je považováno za kauzální rizikový faktor pro vznik karcinomu pankreatu, nicméně v předkládané studii nebyla nalezena pozitivní asociace. Studie nenalezla statisticky významný vztah ani u vztahu mezi nadváhou a obezitou. Závěr: Tělesná aktivita, dietní opatření, které povedou ke snížení hmotnosti, a výchova k nekuřáctví mohou mít významný primárně preventivní vliv u tohoto nádorového onemocnění. Klíčová slova nádory slinivky břišní-životní styl-rizikové faktory Práce byla podpořena grantem IGA MZ ČR č. NR 9029-4/2006.

AbstractA hospital-based analytical observational case-control study of 88 oesophageal cancer cases and 200 controls was conducted in the University Hospital Olomouc. A standardized questionnaire was used. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) are calculated by logistic regression. The adjusted odds ratios for tobacco smoking were 6.20 (95% CI 2.78–13.83), 10.64 (95% CI 3.46–32.72) and 3.53 (95% CI 1.26–9.88) for oesophageal cancer, for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma, respectively. An inverse association with overweight and obesity was found in both histological types. In adenocarcinoma, there was a relatively strong positive association with a statistically significant result for alcohol consumption only in a group consuming more than 300 g of alcohol weekly; the OR was 5.81 (95% CI 1.17–28.84). The strong, statistically significant association was found in alcohol consumption regardless of histological type: the OR was 4.41 (95% CI 1.09–17.84). In a group with 20 or more X-ray exposures, there was a very strong statistically significant positive association. In vegetable consumption, an inverse association was found that was statistically significant only if more than 8 portions of vegetables were eaten weekly, ORs were 0.02–0.11.