Positive interactions are sensitive to human activities, necessitating synthetic approaches to elucidate broad patterns and predict future changes if these interactions are altered or lost. General understanding of freshwater positive interactions has been far outpaced by knowledge of these important relationships in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. We conducted a global meta‐analysis to evaluate the magnitude of positive interactions across freshwater habitats. In 340 studies, we found substantial positive effects, with facilitators increasing beneficiaries by, on average, 81% across all taxa and response variables. Mollusks in particular were commonly studied as both facilitators and beneficiaries. Amphibians were one group benefiting the most from positive interactions, yet few studies investigated amphibians. Invasive facilitators had stronger positive effects on beneficiaries than non‐invasive facilitators. We compared positive effects between high‐ and low‐stress conditions and found no difference in the magnitude of benefit in the subset of studies that manipulated stressors. Future areas of research include understudied facilitators and beneficiaries, the stress gradient hypothesis, patterns across space or time and the influence of declining taxa whose elimination would jeopardise fragile positive interaction networks. Freshwater positive interactions occur among a wide range of taxa, influence populations, communities and ecosystem processes and deserve further exploration.

Signatory countries to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are formulating goals and indicators through 2050 under the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). Among the goals is increasing the integrity of ecosystems. The CBD is now seeking input toward a quantifiable definition of integrity and methods to track it globally. Here, we offer a schema for using Earth observations (EO) to monitor and evaluate global forest ecosystem integrity (EI). Our approach builds on three topics: the concept of EI, the use of satellite-based EO, and the use of "essential biodiversity variables" to monitor and report on it. Within this schema, EI is a measure of the structure, function, and composition of an ecosystem relative to the range of variation determined by climaticgeophysical environment. We use evaluation criteria to recommend eight potential indicators of EI that can be monitored around the globe using Earth Observations to support the efforts of nations to monitor and report progress to implement the post-2020 GBF. If operationalized, this schema should help Parties to the CBD take action and report progress on achieving ecosystem commitments during this decade.

Este trabajo evalúa la utilidad de sensores remotos para el análisis de cobertura vegetal y cuerpos de agua en estudios de conservación y medio ambiente. La investigación tiene como objetivos determinar las aplicaciones de imágenes satelitales en estudios de cobertura y los usos de los VANT (Vehículos Aéreos No Tripulados) en estudios ambientales. La determinación de las aplicaciones de imágenes satelitales y de los VANT se realizó mediante la revisión de artículos científicos, tesis, libros y resúmenes en congresos. Se encontraron un total de veinte aplicaciones para análisis de cobertura y cuerpos de agua empleando imágenes satelitales y VANT. Para análisis ambientales mediante imágenes satelitales se reportaron diez estudios: cobertura boscosa, expansión urbana, índices de vegetación, cambio de coberturas vegetales, deforestación, distribución espacial del agua, monitoreo del agua, dinámica lagunar, parámetros de calidad de agua y los umbrales del Índice de Nieve de Diferencia Normalizada. Para análisis ambientales mediante los VANT se reportaron diez estudios: abundancia vegetal, dinámica de la población de plantas, conservación ecológica, vegetación acuática, mapeo de vegetación, calidad del agua, dinámica fluvial, flujo de ríos, mapas batimétricos de un lago y variaciones vegetales acuáticas. Se concluye que los principios físicos de la percepción remota explican, a través de leyes, el funcionamiento de los sensores para brindar información satelital, como imágenes satelitales que brindan información con una resolución menor a 10 metros, aplicadas a estudios de áreas de mayor extensión (km). En áreas pequeñas, para obtener información real y precisa, se usa un Vehículo Aéreo No Tripulado (VANT), equipado con una cámara multiespectral que brinda información con una resolución mayor a 10 cm. Por lo tanto, es necesario conocer las limitaciones, ventajas y diferencias de estos dos sistemas, con el fin de planificar investigaciones que utilicen esta información y contribuyan a la protección y conservación de áreas afectadas por elementos naturales y antrópicos.

Signatory countries to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are formulating indicators through 2030 under the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). These goals include increasing the integrity of natural ecosystems. However, the definition of integrity and methods for measuring it remain unspecified. Moreover, nations did not achieve their 2011-2020 CBD targets, partly due to inability to monitor and report progress on these targets. Here, we define ecological integrity (EI) and suggest a framework to measure and evaluate trends in terrestrial EI. Our approach builds on three topics: the concept of ecological integrity, satellite-based Earth observation, and Essential Biodiversity Variables. Within this framework, EI is a measure of the structure, function and composition of an ecosystem relative to the pre-industrial range of variation of these characteristics. We recommend 13 indicators of EI to facilitate the efforts of nations to monitor, evaluate, and report during implementation of the post-2020 GBF. These indicators can help assess the condition of ecosystems relative to benchmark states, and track the degradation or improvement of ecosystem condition due to human impacts or restoration strategies. If operationalized, this framework can help Parties to the CBD systematically evaluate and report progress on achieving ecosystem commitments in the post-2020 GBF

Lessonia spicata (Suhr) Santelices is the most ecologically and economically important kelp from Pacific South America. Here, we contribute to the bioinformatics and evolutionary systematics of the species by performing high throughput sequencing on L. spicata from Valparaiso, Chile. The L. spicata complete mitogenome is 37,097 base pairs (bp) in length and contains 66 genes (GenBank accession MK965907), the complete plastid genome is 130,305 bp and has 173 genes (accession MK965908), and the data assembled 7,630 bp of the nuclear ribosomal cistron (accession MK965909). The organellar genomes are similar in structure and content to others published from the Laminariales.

On March 16, 2020, a policy of quarantine and social isolation initiated in Peru imposed by the declaration of National Public Health Emergency for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), which is affecting everyone. The research aimed to collect information that anticipates the impacts on the quantity and the need to distribute food for food security. From a global point of view, fiscal, monetary, and macro-financial policies corresponding to approximately 7% of the National GDP. These efforts will be insufficient if they are not complemented by adequate planning to supply the needs of Peru with at least 484,402.1 kilos of food per month, concerning agricultural products contained in the index basket and that need to be distributed in all regions of the country, such as rice, potatoes and at least 14 other products. In conclusion, measures in four aspects are urgent: technological, scientific, humanitarian, and planning, in addition to those implemented, to mitigate the impacts on food security, now and postpandemic, it is suggested that the issue should be treated from a transdisciplinary perspective.

<p class="Subheading">Background. The SVI (Standardized Vegetation Index) provides a relative comparison of the condition of the vegetation in different classifications for monitoring droughts. Objective. In this research, the SVI was used through the Google Earth Engine (GEE) at the national level and in three study points for a coastal, Amazonian, and Andean region for October 31, 2020, and two decades. Methodology. For the construction of the SVI, the data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Version 6 were used; of the Terra sensor (MOD13Q1) with a temporal resolution of 16 days, a spatial resolution of 250 meters, and as a level 3 product. Results. The SVI was represented in five classifications: with green color ≥ 0 (No Drought), yellow color -0.10 to -0.94 (Slight drought), light orange color -0.95 to -1.44 (Moderate drought), dark orange color -1.45 to -1.94 (Severe drought), and red color ≤ -1.95 (Extreme drought). Implications. The change in historical SVI values was evidenced due to causes such as El Niño costero (coastal) and deforestation of Tropical Forests; for the Sechura Desert in Piura and La Pampa in Madre de Dios, respectively. Subsequently, in the Andes of Peru, in Ollachea, Puno, it was determined that the SVI value, more extreme negative, represented an extreme drought never registered for this area. Conclusion. The SVI and GEE provided tools for drought management with high spatial and temporal resolution.</p>

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue caracterizar el agua de los lagos de las comunidades nativas, Tunants y Yahuahua. Con la finalidad de conservar el ambiente acuático para su potencial uso ecoturístico. Estos están localizados en la provincia de Condorcanqui, Amazonas, Perú. Se establecieron dos puntos de muestreo, uno por cada lago, las evaluaciones se realizaron en la temporada lluviosa. Se evaluaron parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos. Los principales resultados expresan un pH de 7 para ambos lagos. Con respecto a la DBO5, en el lago de Tunants la mediana se encontró en 1.8 mg/L de O2 y el lago de Yahuahua la mediana se encuentra entre 1.45 mg/L de O2. Éstos se correlacionan fuertemente de forma negativa con los sulfatos. Con respecto a los metales pesados la mayor concentración fue el Zinc 0.0375 ppm correspondiente al lago de Yahuahua. El análisis microbiológico mostró una concentración de coliformes totales (CT) >1600 NMP/100mL.