The leachate treatment by nanofiltration (NF) process has received much attention over the last two decades. Previous studies focused on the investigation of the technical feasibility of NF. However, there are a limited number of works that examined leachate treatment costs. On the other hand, in a landfill management system, the economic component is an imperative factor for the decisions of all operations. Thereby, this work aimed to investigate the technical feasibility and economic parameters involved in a full-scale NF plant for the treatment of leachate previously treated by the physicochemical process. The average quality of the pre-treated leachate was 2258 ± 230 mg L−1 chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 821 ± 86 mg L−1 humic substances (HS). NF was performed using a bench-scale filtration module with commercial polymeric membranes SR100 and NP030. At the end of each filtration, a cleaning protocol was applied to recover the initial membrane permeability. The concentration of recalcitrant compounds, expressed as HS, was reduced to 84 ± 8 mg L−1 in the permeate, and COD complies with the wastewater discharge standards imposed by local legislation. The capital costs for a full-scale NF was estimated at MUS$ 0.772, and specific total cost, treated leachate per volume unit, has been estimated at US$ 8.26 m−3.
A substância carbamazepina (CBZ) é um fármaco utilizado em casos de crises de epilepsia, apresenta recalcitrância nos processos biológicos e causa efeito tóxico em organismos aquáticos. Neste estudo, a adsorção de CBZ da solução aquosa com carvão ativado em pó (CAP) foi avaliada utilizando dois carvões de matrizes diferentes (betuminosa -CAP B e vegetal -CAP V). A caraterização dos CAPs foi avaliada por área superficial BET (Brunauer, Emmet e Teller) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os fenômenos de adsorção foram avaliados por modelos cinéticos de pseudo-primeira e pseudo-segunda ordens e isotermas de adsorção nos modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich. Foi realizada uma investigação de toxicidade crônica utilizando o microcrustáceo Ceriodaphnia dubia e a microalga Chlorella vulgaris. O CAP B apresenta área superficial BET de 958,16 m 2 g -1 e o CAP V, 726,68 m 2 g -1 . O modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem se ajustou melhor aos dados experimentais e os resultados experimentais das isotermas se ajustaram ao modelo de Freundlich para ambos carvões avaliados. A adsorção em CAP pode ser uma alternativa eficiente para remoção de toxicidade crônica, atingindo concentração menor que 1,56 µg CBZ L -1 .Palavras-Chave: recalcitrância, cinética de adsorção, isoterma de adsorção, ecotoxicidade, Ceriodaphnia dubia.ABSTRACT Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a drug used in seizures, recalcitrant in biological processes and has a toxic effect in aquatic organisms. In this study, the adsorption of CBZ from aqueous solution onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) was evaluated using two carbon from the matrices (bituminous -PAC B and vegetal -PAC V -carbons).The characterization of the PACs was evaluated by BET surface area (Brunauer, Emmet and Teller) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adsorption phenomena were evaluated by pseudo-first and second order kinetic models and adsorption isotherms by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The chronic toxicity was measured with the microcrustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia and the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The results of the characterization of the PAC showed that the CAP B has a BET surface area of 958.16 m 2 g -1 and the CAP V 726.68 m 2 g -1 . The pseudo-second order model and Freundlich model were better adjusted for the experimental data for both PACs. Activated carbon adsorption may be an efficient alternative for chronic toxicity removal, reaching a concentration less than 1.56 µg CBZ L -1 .
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