No abstract

Saliva-based PX/CA ratio was a convenient and robust method for assessment of CYP1A2 activity and liver function and it was shown to be altered in alcohol-dependent patients with mild abnormal liver function test.

Aims To determine the frequencies of the major arylamine-N -acetyltransferase-2 ( NAT2 ) alleles in the Thai population. Methods DNA samples from 235 Thai individuals were analysed by polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism assays. Results The frequency distribution of major NAT2 alleles, including NAT2 * 4 , NAT2 * 5, NAT2 * 6 and NAT2 * 7 were 0.381 (95% CI 0.337, 0.426), 0.038 (0.023, 0.060), 0.326 (0.283, 0.370) and 0.204 (0.169, 0.244), respectively. When converted to phenotypes, the study population comprised 63.8% rapid acetylators and 36.2% slow acetylators. Conclusions The pattern of NAT2 alleles of Thais is similar to those of many Asian populations, although the frequency of NAT2 * 4 is significantly lower and NAT2 * 7 is higher than that of Oriental populations.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of 11 essential oils (EOs) against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius planktonic and biofilm forms. Twenty three bacterial samples were collected from dogs with superficial pyoderma and 9 samples were identified as S. pseudintermedius by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The minimum planktonic inhibitory concentration (MPIC), minimum planktonic bactericidal concentration (MPBC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of EOs were determined by broth microdilution using a transferable solid phase. Among all, lemongrass EO was the most effective against both planktonic and biofilm forms of S. pseudintermedius with the MPIC, MPBC and MBEC of 0.02, 0.039 and 0.078% v/v, respectively. EOs of betel vine and citronella had the second most inhibitory effect (MPIC and MPBC: 0.039% v/v and MPBC: 0.156% v/v) followed by clove (MPIC and MPBC: 0.078% v/v) and sweet basil (MPIC and MPBC: 0.625% v/v). The EOs of ginger, plai, kaffir lime, turmeric, holy basil and galanga had the lowest inhibitory effect with MPICs and MPBCs ranging from 1.25% v/v to greater than 2.5% v/v. The results of this study indicated that the anti-planktonic and anti-biofilm effects of the tested EOs were concentration dependent, and higher concentrations were required for anti-biofilm activity. Lemongrass EO showed the most potential as a therapeutic antimicrobial agent for both planktonic and biofilm forms of S. pseudintermedius.

The frequency distribution of the major NAT1 alleles in the Thai population has a similar pattern to some Asian populations; however, racial differences among Asian populations need further clarification.