The use of particular coping strategies was systematically associated with symptoms of burnout and work-related posttraumatic stress in this group of intensive care staff, even after controlling for resilience and other factors. More research on how best to promote adaptive coping is needed in these challenging settings.

Objectives Traditional mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been applied successfully across many populations. The time commitment for these programs is often a barrier, and while brief MBIs have become popular, the impact of these on healthrelated outcomes is unclear as they have not yet been reviewed. Methods A search of databases, including Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO, was conducted with qualitative and case studies being excluded. Findings were summarized using a narrative approach for all studies that met the inclusion criteria. Results With one exception, all 85 studies that were included were randomized controlled trials and were relatively robust methodologically. Seventy-nine reported significant positive effects on at least one health-related outcome and over a quarter targeted a clinical population. The majority of studies focused on psychological outcomes, such as anxiety and depression, as well as emotion regulation, stress, and cognitive outcomes. Conclusions Despite heterogeneity of outcomes across studies, there is evidence that brief MBIs can impact numerous healthrelated outcomes, after only one session and with interventions as brief as 5 min. These interventions have the potential to be the initial steps leading to sustainable and positive health outcomes. Keywords Mindfulness. Brief interventions. Systematic review. Health outcomes Mindfulness can be defined as an approach to experiencing everyday life by turning attention and awareness to the present moment without judgment (Kabat-Zinn 2006). Despite its Buddhist origins, mindfulness is now often a secular practice and is easily accessible to many, whether practiced in an individual's home or by attending a class (Hyland 2016). Mindfulness encompasses the key therapeutic concepts of acceptance, compassion, and detachment (Bogosian et al. 2016; Desrosiers et al. 2013; Pinto-Gouveia et al. 2014). As a therapy, the practice of mindfulness is predominately based on a chronic illness program that was originally Bformalized^as mindfulnessbased stress reduction (MBSR), a treatment for illness-related stress. More recently, the more cognitive treatment of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) has emerged (Teasdale et al. 2000), principally as a treatment for depression. Over the years, mindfulness-based therapies (most commonly MBSR and MBCT) have been applied successfully to a range of clinical populations (Gotink et al. 2015) including patients recovering from cancer, patients with low back pain, and patients with general anxiety disorders (Cherkin et al. 2016; Evans 2016; Johns et al. 2015). This research has cumulated into a solid foundation of evidence supporting the use of mindfulness for clinical health conditions, as well as for the management of non-clinical conditions such as everyday stress and mood disturbances (

Traumatic injury to the trigeminal nerve is associated with a substantial patient burden, particularly in patients who experience severe neuropathic pain as part of their condition. These findings highlight the need to identify, develop, and evaluate more effective treatments for neuropathic pain in trigeminal nerve injury that will not only provide clinically meaningful reductions in pain but also improve patients' quality of life.

Thirteen non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were compared with age matched controls on two standard tests of implicit learning. A verbal version of the Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task was used to assess sequence learning and an artificial grammar (AG) task assessed perceptual learning. It was predicted that PD patients would show implicit learning on the AG task but not the SRT task, as motor sequence learning is thought to be reliant upon the basal ganglia which is damaged in PD. Patients with PD demonstrated implicit learning on both tasks. In light of these unexpected results the research on SRT learning in PD is reconsidered, and some possible explanations for the sometimes conflicting results of PD patient samples on the SRT task are considered. Factors which merit further study in this regard are: The degree to which the SRT task relies on overt motor responses; the effects of frontal lobe dysfunction upon implicit sequence learning; and the degree to which the illness itself has advanced.

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BackgroundPrevious work has shown patients commonly misuse adrenaline autoinjectors (AAI). It is unclear whether this is due to inadequate training, or poor device design. We undertook a prospective randomized controlled trial to evaluate ability to administer adrenaline using different AAI devices.MethodsWe allocated mothers of food‐allergic children prescribed an AAI for the first time to Anapen or EpiPen using a computer‐generated randomization list, with optimal training according to manufacturer's instructions. After one year, participants were randomly allocated a new device (EpiPen, Anapen, new EpiPen, JEXT or Auvi‐Q), without device‐specific training. We assessed ability to deliver adrenaline using their AAI in a simulated anaphylaxis scenario six weeks and one year after initial training, and following device switch. Primary outcome was successful adrenaline administration at six weeks, assessed by an independent expert. Secondary outcomes were success at one year, success after switching device, and adverse events.ResultsWe randomized 158 participants. At six weeks, 30 of 71 (42%) participants allocated to Anapen and 31 of 73 (43%) participants allocated to EpiPen were successful – RR 1.00 (95% CI 0.68–1.46). Success rates at one year were also similar, but digital injection was more common at one year with EpiPen (8/59, 14%) than Anapen (0/51, 0%, P = 0.007). When switched to a new device without specific training, success rates were higher with Auvi‐Q (26/28, 93%) than other devices (39/80, 49%; P < 0.001).Conclusions AAI device design is a major determinant of successful adrenaline administration. Success rates were low with several devices, but were high using the audio‐prompt device Auvi‐Q.

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We found evidence that a brief psychological intervention which incorporates accurate risk information may impact on anxiety, risk perception and physiological stress response in mothers of children with food allergy.