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BACKGROUNDCervical cancer is the most common cancer in Indian females. Globally, it stands second in female malignancies. Study of cervical cytology by Papanicolaou smear is a modality making earlier diagnosis of pathological cell changes, making it possible to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with cervical cancer.

Background: There have been variations in the length of gestation depending upon the ethnicity of the patient.Methods: We studied 500 patients with spontaneous onset of labor for their duration of pregnancy from First day of Last Menstrual Period (FLMP).Results: The average gestational age was 275 days, 5 days earlier than the Expected date of delivery (EDD). 70% of pregnancies ended before EDD, 4.8% on the day of EDD and 25.2% ended after EDD. 35.80% patients completed 39 weeks, 24% completed 40 weeks, 23.20% completed 38 weeks, 11% completed 37 weeks and only 6% completed 41 weeks. Average gestational age was 39.31 weeks for male baby and 39.36 weeks for female baby. Sex ratio derived was 915.7 females per 1000 males. Average birth weight was 2.705 kg.Conclusions: The implication of this study is that the length of human gestation does vary according to geographic location. This may be due to genetic influences, weather conditions, food habits or some unknown factor. The clinical significance is the decision to consider a term pregnancy and a post-term pregnancy. A majority of the parturient women went in to spontaneous labour at 39 completed weeks, 5 days earlier than ‘Expected date of delivery’ calculated by Naegele’s formula. This possibility should be kept in mind when maturity assessments are made with a view to intervene in the labour process to minimize perinatal complications.

Background: Present study is done to study the safety, efficacy and complications of using manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) for surgical management of first trimester abortion in comparison to electronic suction.Methods: It is a retrospective observational study conducted in department of obstetrics and gynecology at tertiary care hospital. Out of 100 cases taken, 50 abortions were terminated by MVA and 50 were terminated by electric suction/vacuum aspiration (EVA).Results: In this study, majority of the patients were primigravida (60%). Most of the patients had period of gestation between 7 to 9 weeks (40%) followed by up to 6 weeks (33%) in both groups. Time taken for the procedure was less in MVA (5-9 min.) than electronic suction (7-11 min.). In terms of complications, blood loss ≥100 ml was more with EVA (18%) compared to MVA (6%). Uterine perforation was seen with EVA (4%) and none with MVA. As far as success rate is concerned, EVA got 98% while MVA got 90%. Post-operative hospital stay was less with MVA (≤12 hours) than EVA (up to 24 hours). Post-operative pain perception was less with MVA (18% severe pain) while with EVA, 36% with severe pain.Conclusions: Both the evacuation techniques are almost equally effective and safe, still duration; post-operative pain and hospital stay are less with MVA. Success rate is better with EVA.

BACKGROUND Labour is the process by which the products of conception, when they have reached full term or nearing it, are expelled by the mother. Induction of labour implies the artificial initiation of uterine activity to affect labour and delivery. The aim of successful induction is to achieve vaginal delivery with a safe maternal and perinatal outcome and to eliminate any anticipated adverse outcome associated with continuation of pregnancy. It should bring about adequate uterine activity sufficient for cervical changes and foetal descent to occur without causing hyper stimulation or fatal compromise. Successful outcome of spontaneous labour is the result of wellcoordinated interplay between upper segments dominant and contracting, lower segment passive and dilating, Misoprostol is having this property. The present study is undertaken to compare the efficacy, safety of sublingual vs. vaginal Misoprostol in induction of labour at term pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized control trial, we had selected 100 antenatal women with term gestation admitted in antenatal ward and labour rooms. These cases were randomised into Group A and Group B. Group A included antenatal women receiving 25 μgms of Misoprostol sublingually. Group B included antenatal women receiving 25 μgms of Misoprostol vaginally in the posterior fornix. The dose is scheduled to be repeated once in every 4 hrs., if necessary, that is, if regular uterine contractions have not started within 4 hrs., of first dose. RESULTS Sublingual administration offers an excellent choice to women, particularly to those who were wishing to avoid vaginal administration. Sublingual Misoprostol is an effective alternative to vaginal Misoprostol in induction of labour. Sublingual route of administration was associated with higher incidence of hyperstimulation. Efficacy of both are almost similar in my study.

First trimester in pregnancy is majorly about “Organogenesis”, formation and development of embryo, and then progression to fetus. Insult to the stages of this organogenesis leads to various anomalies; including malformations. Lack of nutrition, folate deficiency, genetic factors, teratogenic drugs or environmental exposure can lead to such malformed embryo/fetus. Viability of such fetus depends on the system affected, and the severity. Many fetus do not survive major defects, but some may reach to the stage of live births, causing major problems for survival, growth and development. The psychological impact on the couple, along with future financial strain on possible treatments are additional burdens. There have been few investigations, now made available for diagnosing many of such malformations in earlier stages of pregnancy; making us able to detect them, so that with proper counselling of the couple and possible outcome, we can take decisions on continuation or termination of pregnancy. This was a prospective study, where we studied 200 newborns who were born with congenital malformations, during time period of January 2017 to December 2019. There were total 15687 deliveries in the said time period, making the incidence of congenital malformations to be 1.27%. Most commonly involved system was central nervous system (39%), followed by musculoskeletal system (25%), followed by gastrointestinal system (11%).

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