Ethnomedicinally the seeds of Vigna mungo are used as cooling astringent, diet during fever, poultice for abscesses, soap alternative. The increased oxidative stress plays an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its various complications. This study was designed to examine the effect of hydroalcoholic extract (VME) of V. mungo seeds on STZ-diabetic rats by measuring glycemia, lipid profile, and lipid peroxidation parameters (MDA, PCO, and GSH) and antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx). The levels of glucose, TG, TC, MDA, and PCO were increased significantly whereas the levels of serum insulin, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidise (GPx) were decreased in STZ induced diabetic rats. Administration of VME (200 mg/kg bw and 400 mg/kg bw p.o.) to diabetic rats for 28 days showed a significant decrease in serum glucose, TG, TC, MDA, and PCO. In addition, we also summarize here that the levels of serum insulin, superoxide dismutase, catalase, GPx, and reduced glutathione (GSH) were increased in VME treated diabetic rats. The antioxidant and antihyperglycemic effect of VME was compared with glibenclamide, a well-known antioxidant and antihyperglycemic drug. The findings in this study suggest that the VME possesses a significant favourable effect on antioxidant defense system in addition to its antidiabetic effect. Nonetheless, this study provides evidence that could help explain how the traditional use of V. mungo has been successful in the treatment of various disorders in humans.
This is a review on cigarette smoking and Parkinson's disease (PD). The relationship between cigarette smoking and Parkinson's disease is very controversial. Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for various diseases such as lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart disease. However, beneficial effects have been debated over the years. It was in the late 1950's that studies reported a negative association between smoking and Parkinson's disease. More recently, several epidemiological studies have found a significant negative association between cigarette smoking and PD. That is, patients who smoke are 50% less likely to have PD when compared to their non-smoker counterparts. This suggests that cigarette smoking may have a "neuroprotective" effect on PD.
Septic encephalopathy is a systemic inflammatory disease and is characterized by change in neurotransmitter release, dysregulated production of cytokines, organ dysfunction and long-term cognitive and emotional impairments. In the present study, it was investigated whether administration of ethanolic extract and chloroform fraction of Santalum album can affect the behavioural, oxidative stress parameters and brain oedema in sepsis-surviving mice. Septic encephalopathy was induced in albino mice of either sex (20-30 gm body weight) by cecal ligation and puncture technique. Ethanolic extract of Santalum album was prepared by microwave assisted extraction and various fractions were prepared. Behavioural parameters like neurological examination and exploratory behaviour were studied after 3 hours and 24 hours of sepsis induction. Santalum album extract showed significant (p<0.001) improvement in depression, memory, neurological severity score and exploratory behaviour in surviving animals. Further glutathione level and catalase level was found to be elevated with ethanolic extract and chloroform fraction at 200mg/kg body weight whereas level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was found to decrease in chloroform fraction, at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. Brain oedema was found to be increased approximately 20% in diseased group, which was reduced after treatment. Thus, based on the results, it may be concluded that Santalum album shows neuroprotective effect against septic encephalopathy via reduction of oxidative stress and improvement in learning and memory, neurological severity score and exploratory behaviour.
a b s t r a c tMethanolic and aqueous extracts of Semecarpus anacardium seeds were investigated for gastric protective activity on ethanol plus pylorus ligation induced ulcer models. a number of biochemical parameters such as gastric volume, pH of gastric content, free acidity and total acidity, dissolved mucous substances such as total protein, hexoses, hexosamine, fucose and sialic acid were estimated in 90% alcoholic precipitate of gastric juice and macroscopically sections were examined on the test and control group animals. the extract at a concentration of 200mg/kg produced a protective effect on ulcer-induced models and was comparable with the standard drug cimetidine. some of the antioxidant enzyme levels (lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase) were also determined. the present study revealed that the methanolic extract of Semecarpus anacardium had ulcer protective activity comparable with standard drug cimetidine.
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