The aim of this study was to assess genotype by environment interaction for seed quality traits in interspecific cross-derived Brassica lines by the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. The study comprised of 25 winter rapeseed genotypes i.e.: B. napus cultivar Californium, twenty three cross-derived Brassica lines and male sterile line of an F 8 generation of B. napus (MS8), selected from resynthesized oilseed rape (B. rapa ssp. chinensis 9 B. oleracea var. gemmifera) using in vitro cultures of isolated embryos. Field trials were performed at three locations in 3 years in a randomized complete block design, with three replicates. AMMI analyses revealed significant genotype and environmental effects as well as genotype by environmental interaction with respect to all five observed traits. The lines 16 (B. napus line MS8 9 B. rapa ssp. pekinensis) and 7 (B. napus line MS8 9 B. carinata) are recommended for further inclusion in the breeding programs because their stability and good average values of observed traits, except total glucosinolates content for line 16 (the best total genotype selection indexes were equal to 81 and 97, respectively).

The aim of the present study is to determine the influence of different concentrations of growth regulators on the hypocotyl explants regeneration abilities of flax cultivars (Linum usitatissimum L.). Plant material used in the study was obtained from two flax cultivars: Modran and Selena. Hypocotyl explants were obtained from 6-dayold seedlings and were subsequently placed on basal MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) medium and MS medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or naftalene acetic acid (NAA). Final evaluation of the callus, the shoot and the root formation of the explants was performed 28 days after the experimental setup. The highest regeneration effectiveness was observed on the media supplemented with 1 mg/l BAP.

The purpose of this work was to assess the impact of zearalenone (ZEN) and selected hormone regulators on the effectiveness of microspore embryogenesis in anther culture of wheat. The plant material comprised F1 hybrids of winter and spring wheat. Six combinations of media inducing microspore proliferation and formation of embryogenic structures were investigated: two combinations of growth regulators (D - 2,4-D + dicamba, K - 2,4-D + kinetin), each with three ZEN concentrations (0 mL/L, 0.1 mL/L, 0.2 mL/L). A significant increase in microspore embryogenesis effectiveness on media with the addition of ZEN was observed both at the stages of its induction and the formation of green plants in some genotypes. In case of both combinations of growth regulators, an increased concentration of ZEN resulted in more effective induction of microspore embryogenesis. The most effective induction medium was the D medium supplemented with 0.2 mL/L ZEN. As a result of the use of zearalenone together with two combinations of growth regulators, all genotypes tested produced androgenic structures, which indicates the breakdown of genotypic recalcitrant in the analysed hybrids. In addition, green plants were obtained from 18 out of 19 tested hybrids. The addition of ZEN to the medium did not affect the number of regenerated albino plants nor the number of spontaneous genome doublings proportion.

Clubroot, caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is one of the most damaging diseases of Brassica napus worldwide. Resistant plant material is valuable for cultivation in all areas of high incidence of the disease and intensive growth of oilseed rape. We have evaluated clubroot resistance, plant morphology and seed quality in 15 lines of an F 4 generation and selected six lines of F 5 generation of interspecific hybrids obtained from a cross between a male sterile line of B. napus 'MS8', selected from resynthesized oilseed rape (B. rapa ssp. chinensis × B. oleracea var. gemmifera) and an ecotype of B. rapa ssp. pekinensis. Clubroot resistance was evaluated using a bioassay with P 1 -P 5 pathotypes of P. brassicae (according to the classification of Somé et al. 1996). The resistance to the pathotype P 1 was successfully fixed in the F 5 generation, and improved in some lines in respect to the pathotypes P 2 -P 4 . The resistance to P 1 and the other tested pathotypes was not linked. Characterization of plant material included recent techniques of FISH and BAC-FISH with a special focus on the analysis of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of selected individuals. Two hybrid lines combined high levels of resistance with appropriate plant morphology, good seed quality traits and a stable chromosome number and arrangement. Recent techniques of 'chromosome painting' provided good insight into chromosome organization in the hybrids obtained, and offered opportunities of further improvement of the breeding process.

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Interspecific hybridization is an important tool to transfer characters across species and develop synthetic amphidiploids, and therefore it has been widely applied for improving Brassica spp. The aim of our study was to determine whether the interspecific crosses can help increase the range of variability of traits connected with the higher value of rapeseed. An attempt was also made to investigate the environmental influence on the studied traits. For this reason, in our experiments, crosses between male sterile line of F8 generation and B. campestris ssp. sarson, Yellow sarson; B. campestris ssp. pekinensis; B. carinata and B. juncea were first attempted. Thereafter, hybrid seeds of 96 lines obtained by crossing Brassica napus male sterile line MS8 with three other Brassica species were tested for fiber and glucosinolates content using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Moreover, chromatography and spectrophotometric measurements of sinapine and tocopherols contents in those seeds were made. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that all tested hybrid lines showed a great increase of variability for the studied quality traits when compared to the parental forms. As a result of our analyses, reduced glucosinolates hybrid lines were selected.

There are many reports describing chromosome structure, organization and evolution within goatgrasses (Aegilops spp.). Chromosome banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques are main methods used to identify Aegilops Linnaeus, 1753 chromosomes. These data have essential value considering the close genetic and genomic relationship of goatgrasses with wheat (Triticumaestivum Linnaeus, 1753) and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack, 1899). A key question is whether those protocols are useful and effective for tracking Aegilops chromosomes or chromosome segments in genetic background of cultivated cereals. This article is a review of scientific reports describing chromosome identification methods, which were applied for development of prebreeding plant material and for transfer of desirable traits into Triticum Linnaeus, 1753 cultivated species. Moreover, this paper is a resume of the most efficient cytomolecular markers, which can be used to follow the introgression of Aegilops chromatin during the breeding process.

The main objective of this study is to develop an automatic classification model for winter rapeseed varieties, to assess seed maturity and damage based on seed colour using a convolutional neural network (CNN). A CNN with a fixed architecture was built, consisting of an alternating arrangement of five classes Conv2D, MaxPooling2D and Dropout, for which a computational algorithm was developed in the Python 3.9 programming language, creating six models depending on the type of input data. Seeds of three winter rapeseed varieties were used for the research. Each imaged sample was 20.000 g. For each variety, 125 weight groups of 20 samples were prepared, with the weight of damaged or immature seeds increasing by 0.161 g. Each of the 20 samples in each weight group was marked by a different seed distribution. The accuracy of the models’ validation ranged from 80.20 to 85.60%, with an average of 82.50%. Higher accuracy was obtained when classifying mature seed varieties (average of 84.24%) than when classifying the degree of maturity (average of 80.76%). It can be stated that classifying such fine seeds as rapeseed seeds is a complex process, creating major problems and constraints, as there is a distinct distribution of seeds belonging to the same weight groups, which causes the CNN model to treat them as different.