ther, losses associated with making hay, such as mowing, conditioning, raking, and baling, as well as storage and Stockpiling forage is an effective method to extend grazing beyond feeding, can add up to a 27 to 50% loss of the forage the growing season. This study was conducted to determine standing forage organic matter (SFOM) and vertical biomass distribution, with from the system (H.M. Bartholomew, personal commuand without applied N fertilizer, of seven cool-season grasses (early-nication, 1998). and late-maturing orchardgrass [Dactylis glomerata L.], quackgrass Research on stockpiling forage is lacking in the North-[Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski], reed canarygrass [Phalaris Central USA, because relatively few livestock producers arundinacea L.], smooth bromegrass [Bromus inermis Leyss.], tall depend on pasture forage through the winter months. fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb.], and timothy [Phleum pratense In Iowa, Bryan et al. (1970) and Wedin et al. (1966) L.]) stockpiled over winter. Forage was sampled pre-and postgrazing reported yield of stockpiled forage, but only through at one site and clipped to both 8 and 2.5 cm as layers of vertical December. Most other studies pertain to tall fescue distribution at two other sites in October, December, and late March. stockpiled in the southern USA (Balasko, 1977; Dou-Four N fertilizer treatments ranged from 0 to 168 kg N ha Ϫ1 . Stockpiled gherty, 1981; Ocumpaugh and Matches, 1977). The re-SFOM ranged from 2.06 to 3.73 Mg ha Ϫ1 at the end of the growing season across three locations. Tall fescue and early-maturing or-cent trend toward rotational stocking in the upper Midchardgrass yielded the highest and quackgrass and smooth bromegrass west has renewed interest in stockpiling.the lowest at all harvest dates. Tall fescue, early-maturing or-By stockpiling pasture, growers can provide feed to chardgrass, and reed canarygrass were most suited for grazing beyond
monly referred to as the summer slump. This poor seasonal growth distribution is a common challenge faced Graziers in southeastern USA often stockpile forage in late summer by graziers, forcing them to buy feed or rely on stored to extend the grazing season and reduce feeding costs. The effect of forages. If spring yields are distributed over a larger winter grazing on the following growing seasons production in the window of time, graziers may be able to manage the upper Midwest has not been reported. This study was conducted to determine the consequential forage yield and persistence of several growth more easily and utilize the vegetative growth cool-season grasses following various winter defoliation and N fertilmore efficiently. In addition to staggering spring growth ization treatments in the upper Midwest. Grass cultivars included early by using winter defoliation, strategic applications of N and late-maturing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), quackgrass may provide an opportunity to spread spring growth [Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski], reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaover a longer period of time than is typical of the cea L.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), tall fescue (Fesspring flush. tuca arundinacea Schreb.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Octo-An objective of this study was to determine the conseber, December, or March defoliation generally did not affect seasonal quential forage yield of seven cool-season grasses folforage yield except when early spring growth preceded March defolia-
Midlactation Holstein cows (n = 24, 12 primiparous) were subjected to four dietary treatments arranged in six Latin squares. Cows were assigned to squares according to parity and previous production within parity. Diets contained 53 to 55% DM from corn silage, and the remaining DM was from concentrates. The basal diet contained 13.9% CP with 9.5% rumen-degraded and 4.4% undegraded intake protein. Three other treatments were formulated to give one diet with more degradable true protein than the basal (11.9% degraded intake protein, 4.3% undegraded intake protein); another with urea added to the basal (12.2% degraded intake protein, 4.5% undegraded intake protein); and a third with additional undegraded protein added to the basal (8.3% degraded intake protein, 7.2% undegraded intake protein). Milk fat and protein concentration were unaffected by diet in all squares. Only the highest producing cows responded significantly to increased undegraded intake protein; milk production was 30.8, 30.9, 31.6, and 33.2 kg/d for basal, added degradable true protein, added urea, and added undegraded protein, respectively. Corresponding protein productions were 913, 929, 927, and 1004 g/d for these cows. Neither degradable true protein nor degradable N increased milk production in the highest producing cows, suggesting that microbial protein production was not limited by the amount of degradable protein in the basal diet. For midlactation, multiparous, and primiparous cows producing < 30 and 25 kg of milk/d, respectively, the protein content of the basal ration appeared to be adequate.
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