No abstract

There is current debate whether genetically modified (GM) plants might contain unexpected, potentially undesirable changes in overall metabolite composition. However, appropriate analytical technology and acceptable metrics of compositional similarity require development. We describe a comprehensive comparison of total metabolites in field-grown GM and conventional potato tubers using a hierarchical approach initiating with rapid metabolome "fingerprinting" to guide more detailed profiling of metabolites where significant differences are suspected. Central to this strategy are data analysis procedures able to generate validated, reproducible metrics of comparison from complex metabolome data. We show that, apart from targeted changes, these GM potatoes in this study appear substantially equivalent to traditional cultivars.

Stale Uii&eriity cf IowaA number of contemporary psychological theorists, such as Hull (2)j .Tolman (9), and Lewin (5), are in agreement that behavior is a function of'two principle ; classes of variables: learning or cognitive on the one band; and motivation on the other. These classes of variables are further conceived by Hull (2) as combining according to some multiplicative function, implying that a zero value of either will lead to failure of response occurrence. Hull has specifically pro-.posed the following: where R .. **'-•' 100* Amsel (1), following Mowrer (7) defined anxiety as the conditioned form of the pain reaction.

No abstract

The study was concerned with the nature of the responses to the items of the A-scale by high and low anxiety groups as selected by the scale. A group of Ss was given the A-scale and asked to make a choice between dichotomous categories for each item. The results showed that 20 of the 50 items did not differentiate between the two groups. A second group of Ss was given the A-scale in which the nature of the responses was on a five point Likert scale thus providing for responses of varying intensity. Under this situation the items all differentiated between the high and low anxiety groups and that the high anxiety group showed high variability. It was argued that a more sensitive scaling method be used. 6. TAYLOR, .JANET A. Drive theory and manifest anxiety.

No abstract

No abstract

The study of the metabolite complement of biological samples, known as metabolomics, is creating large amounts of data, and support for handling these data sets is required to facilitate meaningful analyses that will answer biological questions. We present a data model for plant metabolomics known as ArMet (architecture for metabolomics). It encompasses the entire experimental time line from experiment definition and description of biological source material, through sample growth and preparation to the results of chemical analysis. Such formal data descriptions, which specify the full experimental context, enable principled comparison of data sets, allow proper interpretation of experimental results, permit the repetition of experiments and provide a basis for the design of systems for data storage and transmission. The current design and example implementations are freely available (http://www.armet.org/). We seek to advance discussion and community adoption of a standard for metabolomics, which would promote principled collection, storage and transmission of experiment data.