Drive theory and manifest anxiety.

Taylor, Janet A.

doi:10.1037/h0040353

Cited by 326 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 46 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

160

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The differences between changes in percentage obtained from the HT and LT Ss, as shown in Table 3, were significant in salivary outflow and pulse amplitude , but not in heart rate. This failure to prove a significant relationship of MAS to physiological responding, which may be predicted from a drive theory put forth by Spence and Taylor (Taylor, 1956), has been repeated in several other studies (Beam, 1955;Berry & Martin, 1957;Raphelson, 1957), in which a low correlation was found between MAS and physiological activities. Sarason (1960) pointed out that these negative findings on the validity of MAS-type scales may be explained by its drawing upon sources of anxiety other than autonomic functioning, and partly due to the undependability of a single physiological measure as an indicator of general physiological activity.…”

Section: Effect Of Verbalmentioning

confidence: 91%

The Effect of Verbal Stress on Salivary Outflow, Heart Rate, and Vasomotor Activity

Miyata

1963

Jpn. Psychol. Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effect of verbal stress on physiological indices and its relationship to the level of anxiety (MAS) and of experimentally induced tension (EIT) was tested on 100 Ss. When the stressor was given, EIT was found to be related significantly to the amount of change in salivary outflow (inhibition) and volume pulse amplitude (inhibition), while MAS failed to exhibit any significant relationship to the changes in physiological responding. Sex differences were not found in any of these indices. Several discrepancies in results between the present study and other such investigations were discussed. Kotake (1943) in his study of conditioned salivary reflex in humans reported that CR was well established when the S adapted to the experimental situation. This finding may well be explained in terms of Pavlov's external inhibition which grows out of unfamiliar experimental surroundings.In such alimentary conditioning, the inhibitory or disturbing effect of the experimental situation will be minimized by giving the S a sufficient period of time to adapt to the situation. However, one of the difficulties with which most of the investigators of aversive conditioning in humans meet is that the E's instruction on pain-to-come has itself a fairly effective influence upon the S's physiological activities. Before starting aversive conditioning, the E would give the instruction to the S, informing him that an electric shock or an air-puff will be applied in the experiment. This communication to the S allows him to fall into a state of high anxiety resulting from the S's expectation of a painful stimulus. The reactions we observe and measure under the condition as such, have a considerably sensitized level of reactivity than those obtained under a resting condition.Complete adaptation, in a true sense, to the instruction of pain-to-come may almost never be expected in this type of experiment.If the instruction of pain-to-come is not given to the S, the matter will become much worse, because the S will lie on a bed with a variety of expectations as to the future of the experiment; some are relaxed and others fearful, as shown in the author's previous study (Miyata, 1961). Therefore, to keep the S's attitude homogeneous at the start of the aversive experiment, instruction to the S is not to be omitted.Thus, the S's " fearfulness-in-the-experimental-situation," if we may be allowed to use Kamin's term (1955), motivated the present study to see how the stress verbally induced during the experiment affects physiological reactions such as salivary outflow, heart rate, and vasomotor activity. And also investigated was the extent to which the physiological changes appearing under the stress are related to the level of experimentally induced tension (EIT), or of anxiety scaled by a manifestanxiety test (MAS).

show abstract

Section: Effect Of Verbalmentioning

confidence: 91%

The Effect of Verbal Stress on Salivary Outflow, Heart Rate, and Vasomotor Activity

Miyata

1963

Jpn. Psychol. Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Also, such scores correlate substantially with clinical criteria (Taylor , 1956) and with physiological emotional indices (Spence, 1958).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Olfactory thresholds and level of anxiety

Rovee

Harris

Yopp

1973

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: The Components Of Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peer pressure and audience effect are further factors affecting arousal (Craske & Craig, 1984). However, although high levels of anxiety in performance can be detrimental (Taylor, 1956), A-State (state anxiety) is thought to have motivational or drive properties giving the optimal level of arousal leading to peak performance (Wilson & Roland, 2002).Positive effects have been reported in the cognitive therapies; however a large number of sessions are required (Osborne et al, 2007;Tarrant & Leathem, 2007). Core problems are not treated and the relapse rate for individuals who have undergone symptom-based cognitive behavioural treatment is cause for concern (Kenny, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Music performance anxiety: A clinical outcome study into the effects of cognitive hypnotherapy and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing in advanced pianists

Brooker

2017

Psychology of Music

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Numerous investigations into music performance anxiety have focused on the conscious mind. However, little research has focused on implicit processes for alleviation of this condition. Cognitive hypnotherapy (CH) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), therapies which target implicit processes, were investigated in an intervention study with advanced pianists (n = 46). Participants were of mixed gender aged 18-26 years (three over 30) and were randomly assigned to a therapy or control group. The therapy groups received two interventions of either CH or EMDR during a two-week period between two concerts. Quantitative data were collected through performance assessment, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and a self-report questionnaire (SRQ). The SRQ and a log of performance experience also allowed for qualitative assessment. Results showed that both therapy groups (but not the control) experienced a significant reduction in state anxiety post therapy and a significant improvement in performance. Trait anxiety decreased significantly below baseline levels post intervention in the EMDR group. This is an important area for future research in music psychology and has broader implications in other fields. Keywords cognition, implicit processes, intervention, state anxiety, trait anxietyCognitive anxiety is a psychological problem, the causes of which can be deeply embedded in the unconscious mind (Alladin, 2010). It exerts a negative effect on human behaviour, including music performance; the research literature validates this extensively (Kenny, 2011 Kenny, & Cooksey, 2007). Music performance anxiety (MPA) is widespread, affecting musicians of any age, instrument, amateur and professional musicians alike (Kenny, 2011) and over 60% of performing musicians experience this sometime during their lifetime (Wesner, Noyes, & Davis, 1990). Females generally exhibit higher degrees of MPA than males (Osborne & Franklin, 2002;Wesner et al., 1990) and solo performance generates higher levels of MPA than ensemble (Brugués, 2011). Music performance anxiety has been widely investigated; however, the problem still persists (Chan, 2011;Huang, 2011;Plaut, 1998;Shoup, 1995;Sloboda & Juslin, 2001;Williamon, Aufegger, & Eiholzer, 2014;Xu, 2010). The components of anxietyPerformance anxiety lies within the broad domain of social anxiety, occurring when psychological discomfort in situation-dependent states leads to anxiety (Crozier & Alden, 2005). A model of anxiety proposed by Lang, Miller, and Levin (1988) demonstrated that the combination and interplay of three factors -cognitive, physiological and behavioural -appear to be responsible for anxiety. Lang et al. (1988) maintained that anxiety is the interaction of fearful thoughts, arousal of the autonomic nervous system, and overt behavioural responses to perceived threat. Cognitive anxiety was first categorised into a two-factor structure having both trait and state components (Cattell, 1956). Traits are developed in early life and reflect residues o...

show abstract

Drive theory and manifest anxiety.

Cited by 326 publications

References 46 publications

The Effect of Verbal Stress on Salivary Outflow, Heart Rate, and Vasomotor Activity

The Effect of Verbal Stress on Salivary Outflow, Heart Rate, and Vasomotor Activity

Olfactory thresholds and level of anxiety

Music performance anxiety: A clinical outcome study into the effects of cognitive hypnotherapy and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing in advanced pianists

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About