Mango (Mangifera indica cv. Ataulfo) peel contains bound phenolics that may be released by alkaline or acid hydrolysis and may be converted into less complex molecules. Free phenolics from mango cv. Ataulfo peel were obtained using a methanolic extraction, and their cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and permeability were compared to those obtained for bound phenolics released by alkaline or acid hydrolysis. Gallic acid was found as a simple phenolic acid after alkaline hydrolysis along with mangiferin isomers and quercetin as aglycone and glycosides. Only gallic acid, ethyl gallate, mangiferin, and quercetin were identified in the acid fraction. The acid and alkaline fractions showed the highest CAA (60.5% and 51.5%) when tested at 125 µg/mL. The value of the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) across the Caco-2/HT-29 monolayer of gallic acid from the alkaline fraction was higher (2.61 × 10−6 cm/s) than in the other fractions and similar to that obtained when tested pure (2.48 × 10−6 cm/s). In conclusion, mango peels contain bound phenolic compounds that, after their release, have permeability similar to pure compounds and exert an important CAA. This finding can be applied in the development of nutraceuticals using this important by-product from the mango processing industry.
Regulating activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase through the use of specific inhibitors is a main strategy for controlling type 2 diabetes. Smilax aristolochiifolia root decoctions are traditionally used in Mexico as hypoglycemic and for weight loss, but the active principles and mechanisms underlying such putative metabolic effects are yet unknown. Here, we isolated the major bioactive compounds from a hydroethanolic extract of S. aristolochiifolia root by fast centrifugal partition chromatography and evaluated their effects against pancreatic α-amylase and yeast α-glucosidase. A chlorogenic acid-rich fraction (CAF) inhibited α-amylase activity with an IC50 value of 59.28 μg/mL in an uncompetitive manner and α-glucosidase activity with an IC50 value of 9.27 μg/mL in a noncompetitive mode. Also, an astilbin-rich fraction (ABF) inhibited α-glucosidase activity with an IC50 value of 12.30 μg/mL, in a noncompetitive manner. CAF inhibition α-amylase was as active as acarbose while both CAF and ABF were 50-fold more potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase than acarbose. The molecular docking results of chlorogenic acid and astilbin with α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes correlated with the inhibition mechanisms suggested by enzymatic assays. Our results prove that S. aristolochiifolia roots contain chlorogenic acid and astilbin, which inhibit carbohydrates-hydrolyzing enzymes, suggesting a new mechanism for the hypoglycemic effect reported for this plant.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.