Graphene nanosheets were produced in large quantity via a soft chemistry synthetic route involving graphite oxidation, ultrasonic exfoliation, and chemical reduction. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations show that graphene nanosheets were produced with sizes in the range of tens to hundreds of square nanometers and ripple-like corrugations. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis confirmed the ordered graphite crystal structure of graphene nanosheets. The optical properties of graphene nanosheets were characterized by Raman spectroscopy.

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Nanoporous cobalt oxide nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the individual Co 3 O 4 nanorods have a nanoporous structure, consisting of the textured aggregations of nanocrystals. Optical properties of Co 3 O 4 nanorods were characterized by Raman and UV-vis spectroscopy. Magnetic property measurement shows that Co 3 O 4 nanorods have a low Ne ´el transition temperature of 35 K. We observed quite significant exchange bias for nanoporous Co 3 O 4 nanorods, indicating the existence of magnetic coupling between the nanocrystals in Co 3 O 4 nanorods. When applied as electrode materials in supercapacitors, Co 3 O 4 demonstrated a high capacitance of 280 F/g.