The studies reviewed used diverse methods of varying quality. There is need for consensus among researchers in how to achieve quality of instrument translation in cross-cultural research. Researchers should carefully attend to achieving and reporting evidence of the accuracy and validity of instrument translation. When back-translation fails to achieve semantic equivalence, the instrument development process should be replicated in the target language.

Background: Clinical practice guidelines are not uniformly successful in influencing clinicians' behaviour toward best practices. Implementability refers to a set of characteristics that predict ease of (and obstacles to) guideline implementation. Our objective is to develop and validate a tool for appraisal of implementability of clinical guidelines.

Cognitive interviews assess respondents' understanding of questionnaire items and are increasingly used to improve instrument design. Although investigators have described the contributions of cognitive interviews for instrument development, few guidelines are available for analyzing data from cognitive interviews when they are used for that purpose. In this article we address the development and application of analytic strategies for summarizing, interpreting, and using data from cognitive interviews that were conducted during the process of creating a measure of parental management of childhood chronic conditions. We discuss the contribution of cognitive interviews to establishing content validity and address the importance of developing standardized guidelines for analyzing and interpreting cognitive interviews in order to maximize their usefulness for instrument development.

Results support FaMM's; reliability and validity, indicating it performs in a theoretically meaningful way and taps distinct aspects of family response to childhood chronic conditions.

Understanding patterns of family response to childhood chronic conditions based on a configuration of multiple variables or qualitative themes provides a comprehensive understanding of health-related challenges and their influence on family and child functioning. In this paper, we used the six scales comprising the Family Management Measure (FaMM) in a cluster analysis to describe a typology of family management and data from other measures of child and family functioning to validate and explain those clusters. The sample of 575 parents from 414 families of children who had diverse chronic conditions endorsed four patterns of response (Family Focused, Somewhat Family Focused, Somewhat Condition Focused, Condition Focused). We also considered the extent to which couples had shared or discrepant views of family management. Most (57%) families were in either the Family Focused or Somewhat Family Focused pattern. Single mothers were significantly less likely to be in the two patterns reflecting greater ease in family management and significantly more likely to be in the two patterns reflecting more difficulty. Patterns of family management were related significantly to family and child functioning, with families in the Family Focused and Somewhat Family Focused patterns demonstrating significantly better family and child functioning than families in the other two patterns.

Background The development of instruments to measure self-management in youth with type 1 diabetes has not kept up with current understanding of the concept. Objective To report the development and testing of a new self-report measure to assess self-management of type 1 diabetes in adolescence (SMOD-A). Methods Following a qualitative study, items were identified and reviewed by experts for content validity. A total of 515 adolescents, 13 to 21 years old, participated in a field study by completing the SMOD-A (either once or twice) and additional measures of diabetes related self-efficacy (SEDS), quality of life (DQOL), self-management (DSMP), and adherence (SCI). Data were collected also on metabolic control (HbA1c). Results The content validity of the scale (CVI) was .93. Exploratory alpha factor analyses revealed five subscales: Collaboration with Parents, Diabetes Care Activities, Diabetes Problem-Solving, Diabetes Communication, and Goals (α = .71 to .85). The stability of the SMOD-A ranged from .60 to .88 at 2 weeks (test-retest) to .59 to .85 at 3 months. Correlations of SMOD-A subscales with SEDS-Diabetes; DQOL satisfaction, impact, and worry; DSMP; and SCI were generally significant and in the expected direction. Collaboration with Parents and HbA1c values were related significantly and positively (r =.11); all other SMOD-A subscales were related significantly and negatively to HbA1c (r = −.10 to −.26), demonstrating that better self-management is associated somewhat with better metabolic control and supporting construct validity of the new measure. Discussion The SMOD-A has been found to be a reliable, stable, and valid measure of self-management of type 1 diabetes in adolescence.

Aim-The aim of this study was to explore how adults with a chronic illness integrate the illness experience into their life context. Background-Adults with chronic illnesses are challenged to learn self-management strategies to prevent complications and achieve an acceptable quality of life. Integration represents the process undertaken by an individual to achieve a sense of balance in self-managing a chronic illness and living a personally meaningful life.

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