Inmates at a federal correctional institution were examined for their criterion of what constitutes overcrowding. In general, inmates who were housed under highly crowded conditions exhibited less tolerance of overcrowding than did those who were housed under relatively less crowded conditions. Higher crowding also yielded more negative affective responses to the physical environment. This relationship existed only with respect t o a social-density measure of crowding and not for a spatial-density measure.
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to provide recommendations for making a conceptual shift from current document-centric to data-centric metadata. The importance of adjusting current library models such as Resource Description and Access (RDA) and Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) to models based on Linked Data principles is discussed. In relation to technical formats, the paper suggests the need to leapfrog from machine readable cataloguing (MARC) to Resource Description Framework (RDF), without disrupting current library metadata operations. Design/methodology/approach -This paper identified and reviewed relevant works on overarching topics that include standards-based metadata, Web 2.0 and Linked Data. The review of these works is contextualised to inform the recommendations identified in this paper. Articles were retrieved from databases such as Emerald and D-Lib Magazine. Books, electronic articles and relevant blog posts were also used to support the arguments put forward in this paper. Findings -Contemporary library standards and models carried forward some of the constraints from the traditional card catalogue system. The resultant metadata are mainly attuned to human consumption rather than machine processing. In view of current user needs and technological development such as the interest in Linked Data, it is found important that current metadata models such as FRBR and RDA are re-conceptualised. Practical implications -This paper discusses the implications of re-conceptualising current metadata models in light of Linked Data principles, with emphasis on metadata sharing, facilitation of serendipity, identification of Zeitgeist and emergent metadata, provision of faceted navigation, and enriching metadata with links. Originality/value -Most of the literature on Linked Data for libraries focus on answering the "how to" questions of using RDF/XML and SPARQL technologies, however, this paper focuses mainly on answering "why" Linked Data questions, thus providing an underlying rationale for using Linked Data. The discussion on mixed-metadata approaches, serendipity, Zeitgeist and emergent metadata is considered to provide an important rationale to the role of Linked Data for libraries.
This article reports on the use of a virtual world (Second Life) in computing education, and identifies the precursors of current virtual world systems. The article reviews the potential for virtual worlds as tools in computing education. It describes two areas where Second Life has been used in computing education: as a development environment; as a collaboration tool and to provide a environment for simulation. The benefits of virtual worlds for computing education (with a particular emphasis on Second Life) are discussed. Qualitative feedback from students is reported which, although not definitive, illustrates many of the benefits and disadvantages of using virtual worlds in computing education.
Current discussions on the use of Linked Data for digital libraries cater towards standards-based metadata (expert-created) metadata approaches. The inclusion of socially-constructed (user-created) metadata such as tagging, ratings, reviews and recommendations is very scant or absent. While, the efforts by the world's major national and academic libraries to release their bibliographic data (metadata) is an important step towards the adoption of Linked Data principles, as this paper argues, without metadata richness that would be obtained by including socially-constructed metadata (Web 2.0), the current efforts may result in sub-optimal utilisation of the potential of Linked Data. With the aim of exploring and investigating the potential roles of metadata linking, this paper presents results of 21 in-depth interviews conducted with Library and Information Science (LIS) professionals. A constructivist grounded theory analysis of the interview data resulted in the emergence of four metadata principles, namely the principles of metadata enriching, metadata linking, metadata openness, and metadata filtering. Considering the evidence from data analysis, it was found essential that a mixed metadata approach should be considered, so that socially-constructed metadata approaches augment and enhance standards-based ones through proactive user engagement and a platform of collaboration afforded through the adoption of Web 2.0 technologies. After highlighting on each of these principles, this paper focuses on discussions on the principle of metadata linking.
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