Purpose-With the aim of developing a conceptual framework which aims to facilitate semantic metadata interoperability, this paper explores overarching conceptual issues on how traditional library information organisation schemes such as Online Public Access Catalogues (OPACs), taxonomies, thesauri, and ontologies on the one hand versus Web 2.0 technologies such as social tagging (folksonomies) can be harnessed to provide users with satisfying experiences. Design/methodology/approach-This paper reviews works in relation to current metadata creation, utilisation and interoperability approaches focusing on how a social constructivist philosophical perspective can be employed to underpin metadata decisions in digital libraries. Articles are retrieved from databases such as EBSCO host and Emerald and online magazines such as D-Lib and Ariadne. Books, news articles and blog posts that are deemed relevant are also used to support the arguments put forward in this paper. Findings-Current metadata approaches are deeply authoritative and metadata deployments in digital libraries tend to favour an objectivist approach with focus on metadata simplicity. It is argued that unless information objects are enriched with metadata generated through a collaborative and user-driven approach, achieving semantic metadata interoperability in digital libraries will remain difficult. Practical implications-In this paper, it is indicated that the number of metadata elements (fields) constituting a standard has a direct bearing on metadata richness, which in turn directly affects semantic interoperability. It is expected that this paper will contribute towards a better understanding of harnessing user-driven metadata. Originality/value-As suggested in this paper, a conceptual metadata framework which is underpinned by a social constructivist approach substantially contributes to semantic interoperability in digital libraries.
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to provide recommendations for making a conceptual shift from current document-centric to data-centric metadata. The importance of adjusting current library models such as Resource Description and Access (RDA) and Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) to models based on Linked Data principles is discussed. In relation to technical formats, the paper suggests the need to leapfrog from machine readable cataloguing (MARC) to Resource Description Framework (RDF), without disrupting current library metadata operations. Design/methodology/approach -This paper identified and reviewed relevant works on overarching topics that include standards-based metadata, Web 2.0 and Linked Data. The review of these works is contextualised to inform the recommendations identified in this paper. Articles were retrieved from databases such as Emerald and D-Lib Magazine. Books, electronic articles and relevant blog posts were also used to support the arguments put forward in this paper. Findings -Contemporary library standards and models carried forward some of the constraints from the traditional card catalogue system. The resultant metadata are mainly attuned to human consumption rather than machine processing. In view of current user needs and technological development such as the interest in Linked Data, it is found important that current metadata models such as FRBR and RDA are re-conceptualised. Practical implications -This paper discusses the implications of re-conceptualising current metadata models in light of Linked Data principles, with emphasis on metadata sharing, facilitation of serendipity, identification of Zeitgeist and emergent metadata, provision of faceted navigation, and enriching metadata with links. Originality/value -Most of the literature on Linked Data for libraries focus on answering the "how to" questions of using RDF/XML and SPARQL technologies, however, this paper focuses mainly on answering "why" Linked Data questions, thus providing an underlying rationale for using Linked Data. The discussion on mixed-metadata approaches, serendipity, Zeitgeist and emergent metadata is considered to provide an important rationale to the role of Linked Data for libraries.
The objective of this review was to address two research questions: What is evidencebased best practice for intra-hospital inpatient handovers? What areas need further research? We took a particular interest in the interpersonal skills involved in successful handover, theoreticallybased approaches to implementing improvements in handovers, and whether there is sufficient data to construct an evaluation methodology. Design: Narrative synthesis based on search of PubMed, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library. Findings: We identified 82 papers, comprising 29 implementation studies, 13 conceptual models or improvement methods, 5 subject reviews and 35 background papers. None of the studies met the normal parameters of evidence-based medicine, but this is unsurprising for a complex healthcare service intervention. Limitations: We only reviewed papers published in English between 2000 and July 2010 that were indexed in CINAHL, Medline or the Cochrane Library or found opportunistically. We did not search any grey literature or hand-search any journals. Practical implications: The evidence is sufficient to justify widespread adoption of the guiding principles for inpatient handover best practice, provided that concurrent evaluation is also undertaken. Originality/value: This is the first comprehensive review published in the peer-reviewed literature that examines the evidence base for the practice of inpatient handovers across healthcare professions and specialties.
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