This paper focuses on volunteer tourism as a sustainable form of tourism relating to the volunteer service at a tourism destination and specific tourism activities. The aim of the paper is to explore volunteer tourism in Slovakia with examples of organized events, especially to search exactly how event's organizers support the development of domestic and inbound volunteer tourism in Slovakia. This paper is based on a sociological survey. We addressed 653 heterogeneous event's organizers in Slovakia. 18% of them participated in the questionnaire survey. The collected data were processed by selected mathematical and statistical methods in SPSS statistics program. As such, we found most events organizers team up with volunteers. Only half of the organizers cooperate with local volunteers, while the second half also support the development of volunteer tourism engaging in voluntourism. In the case of attractive events, the engagement of voluntourists could be more effective. The current situation has resulted from missing information about the management of volunteers but it could be improved through an e-manual for event organizers providing an outline guide for volunteer management.
Volunteer tourism is one of the fastest growing types of alternative travel, highlighting the need for sustainability. It has been studied in a number of researches that focus almost exclusively on the demand for certain projects in outbound tourism. With the aim of a more comprehensive view of the issue, this paper examines and compare the current state of demand for domestic and outgoing volunteer tourism within Slovakia. It is based on a quantitative survey conducted on a sample of 573 respondents who represent a representative picture of the population of Slovakia older than 15 years in terms of age and gender. It turns out that between 18 and 25% of the Slovak population participated in domestic volunteer tourism between 2013 and 2018 (in average 3-4% a year). Outbound volunteer tourism was 4 to 8% (approximately 1% a year). In both cases, potential demand clearly exceeds effective demand. As individuals grow older, participation in volunteer tourism decrease slightly, while participation in the home country is positively influenced by higher education while participation abroad is dependent on the individual's economic status. Participation in domestic volunteer tourism is largely influenced by volunteer-specific motives, this differs from outbound tourism, where tourist specific motives prevail. In the home country. Volunteers sometimes do not realize that they are involved in tourism; the altruistic motive of helping others is paramount. Important information about national volunteer tourism of Slovak residents is obtained mostly from direct sources. Time is the most decisive obstacle to people's participation in volunteer tourism. Comparing the demand of Slovak citizens for domestic and outgoing volunteer tourism shows the possibilities of its further development.* This research was supported by the VEGA project no. V-18-101-07-101312: Abandoned Slovakia: Effective solutions to the creative reuse of abandoned properties in non-urban areas.
Abstract:The study deals with lexical reduplication which has the status of a peripheral, yet legitimate way of how vocabulary is enlarged in the Slovak language. Its result is a reduplicate, a paradigmatically formed unit which -as a whole -is a reflection of its part. Reduplication (in a wider sense) is defined by a semasiological aspect, particularly in the context of structural isomorphism and distinguishing of a reproductive, replicative and reduplicative type (in a narrow sense) with the use of integrative and integrative-modificatory onomasiological categories. The core of the reduplicates is formed by a determinative type of appositional names. Reduplication is a rich source of mimémata and pragma-lexemes. Reduplicates bring a new quality into the lexicon, the quality with specific semantics and pragmatics which oscillates around the pragmatic principle of relevance and amplification. Ethno-significative model 'X-neX' is typical for the Slovak language; and the presence of vocalic and echo reduplicates points at the conceptual unification which is of a more universal nature.Key words: reduplication, Slovak language, semasiology, onomasiology, pragma-lexeme Venujem Viktorovi Krupovi ÚVODReduplikácia patrí k široko frekventovaným gramatickým a slovotvorným spô-sobom. Podľa údajov Carlа Rubina (World Atlas of Language Structures; online: http://www.wals.info) z 368 analyzovaných jazykov sveta až 85 % vykazuje produktívnu reduplikáciu. Z toho v 278 jazykoch sa realizuje aj úplná, aj čiastočná reduplikácia, 35 jazykov má len úplnú reduplikáciu a bez produktívnej reduplikácie je 55 jazykov (t. j. 15 %). Patria k nim flektívne jazyky syntetického aj analytického typu, akými sú slovanské, germánske, románske a iné jazyky. V súvislosti s reduplikáciou v angličtine sa s obľubou citujú slová Davida Crystala: "Reduplication is not a major means of creating lexemes in English, but it is perhaps the most unusual one" (Crystal, 2003). K povedanému dodávame: reduplikácia v slovenčine je síce perifér-nym, ale nositeľmi jazyka akceptovaným a využívaným prostriedkom pragmatikál-nej lexikalizácie a frazeologizácie.
The aim is to explore and evaluate the aggregate demand of the Slovak population for domestic volunteer tourism. The answers from 573 questionnaire respondents older than 15 years, selected by convenient sampling, were processed establishing a representative image of the Slovak population in terms of age and gender. The findings show an average 3-4% of the population participating in domestic volunteer tourism in Slovakia per year. While participation declines with age, it increases with higher education. The research confirmed that the volunteer tourism could be perceived as a combination of travel and volunteering not only in developing countries, but also in developed ones. It was also found that domestic volunteer tourism in Slovakia partly copies the development of volunteer tourism abroad and has the potential to grow. The demand of Slovak residents for domestic volunteer tourism is significant, and therefore, it is necessary to properly respond with consistent coordination of supply.
The study focuses on the research of concessivity in two centres; namely in the Petersburg typological school and in the Moscow school of semantics. It presents the methodology and the results of the analyses of main representatives of the schools. Both schools address concessivity from the perspective of the semantics of concessive operators. In Russian studies, the main attention is given to the conjunction хотя (‘although’) and its elaborations are based on two directions: a) from the perspective of the semantics of causes and effects; b) from the perspective of the semantics of condition. An interpretative basis of the causal relations is formed by the semantic components ‘because’ (‘потому что’), ‘therefore’ (‘поэтому’) and ‘it causes’ (‘влияет’). Interpretations of the aspect of condition corresponds to the semantic component ‘if…so’ (‘если…то’).
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