Abstract. Innovation is a superior driving force for economic development in a capital, marketbased economy. Entrepreneurs carry out innovations, be it business or social entrepreneurs. Theoretically, according to the Franco-Austrian-Norwegian (FAN) scientific tradition, innovation is defined as a new combination of the first and second input factors in a production function. The result of successful business and social entrepreneurship is economic development, equal rights, a better world, peace, freedom, a more secure society for everyone, as well as technological, economic and social progress. These are all parameters that define the modern Western style democracy, and even more, these prerequisites represent the conditions for the maintenance, construction and dissemination of democracy to new territories throughout the world. Successful entrepreneurs are private individuals whose role can never be substituted by any group of members, be it political parties, governments, boards of directors, committees or power based authorities like the political boss. Throughout history, we have seen national states, big and small, trying to overrule the wisdom of science and that they have failed. We have seen the horrors imposed on civil populations, both nationally and globally, as a result of the failed Marxist-based socialist political ideology concerning the distribution of wealth. The process of wealth creation lays the foundation of a democracy, and only individuals can undertake the formation of economic progress. Keywords: Innovation; Entrepreneurship; Democracy; Individual and Economic Freedom; Caring Economy; Sharing Economy JEL Classification: B21; B22; D31; D83; P16 Acknowledgments: The article is based on international independent science and is unpublished material presented for the first time at the Annual International Scientific Conference on Economic Development and Legacy of Simon Kuznets on June 1-2, 2017 and soon after published in the Economic Annals-XXI Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.V165-05Сандал Я.-У. доктор економічних наук, професор, ректор, Інститут Яна-Урбана Сандала, Фінстадйордет, Норвегія Як інновації підтримують і розвивають демократію Анотація. Інновація − головна рушійна сила економічного розвитку в ринковій економіці. Інноваційну діяльність здійснюють як соціальні підприємці, так і особи, що займаються бізнесом. Теоретично, згідно франко-австрійсько-норвезькій науковій традиції, інновація визначається як нова комбінація першого та другого елементів витрат будь-якої виробничої функції. Результатом успішного бізнес та соціального підприємництва є економічний розвиток, рівні права, кращий світ, мир, свобода, більш захищене суспільство, а також технологічний, економічний та соціальний прогрес. Усі ці параметри визначають сучасну західну модель демократії та, понад те, вони є умовами для підтримки, побудови та розповсюдження демократії у всьому світі. Успішні підприємці -це фізичні особи, функція яких не може бути виконана групами людей, наприклад, політичною партією, урядом, ра...
The article is devoted to the study of the impact of specific macroeconomic indicators on the formation of revenues of non-governmental organizations from personal contributions of the Ukrainian population. The Revolution of Dignity and the outbreak of military actions in eastern Ukraine have led to an increase in the role of civil society in addressing social and economic problems and to a more active participation of Ukrainian population in the activities of non-governmental organizations (direct and indirect). The study of the volume and structure of the revenues of public organizations from private individuals indicated that there is a general tendency of increase concerning these revenues (both at from membership fees and the charity of individuals), but their structure has changed significantly (the share of membership fees in the structure of revenues of public organizations decreased from being 12.5% to 10.35%). At the same time, the share of charitable donations increased from 2.94% to 5.04%. Such changes are indicative of a gradual reorientation of support from the population from organizations aimed at satisfying the interests of their members only to those that are aimed at meeting needs of the general public. Having carried out the analysis, we have found that the amount of financial resources that the population directs to support public organizations of Ukraine per capita increased significantly from 4.77 UAH to 28,03 UAH. Such data substantiates the increase of public activity among Ukrainian population. The correlation and regression analysis has made it possible to research the peculiarities of impact of such factors as population size, inflation, average and minimum wages, and the number of employed on the formation of revenues of public organizations from private individuals. Accordingly, close relationships between the factors of impact and the resulting variable were discovered. It is important that such factors as inflation, and minimum and average wages are characterized by the direct relationship, while the population and the employed population are characterized by an inverse one. Note that there is multicollinearity between the factors of influence. Interdependence between specific macroeconomic indicators is a feature of the national economy. Respectively, the system of these factors in their totality influences the revenues of public organizations from private individuals. Given the constancy of relationships between factors, one should expect a further increase in the role of private individuals in the formation of the revenues of Ukrainian public organizations.
Abstract. Introduction. In this article land as the first input factor in the classical production function is analyzed. In economic theory, land is linked to heritage and the firstborn problematics. The methods used are based on history of entrepreneurial research, philosophy, legal and theological aspects. Land represents both opportunities but also obstacles, especially in connection with the firstborn problematics. Purpose. The article deals with land, inheritance and the firstborn problematics, its historical basis and consequences for economic and social development. Results. Land is the first input factor in the production process, whose utility and purpose is to create financial profit. Land is covered by everything that is given by nature. The human organism and all that can be extracted from it is land; in processed condition a product or commodity. In an economic theoretical context, inheritance means receiving property from someone who has died, or to bequeath or make a deathbed will, and inter-vivos gifts made by donors in anticipation of their eventual demise. Inheritance by primogeniture not only secures the firstborn son a greater share of the wealth of the entrepreneur, but it also makes the firstborn son in charge of the clan, which is practically similar to being a king. Primogeniture is linked to factors in business and society that are characterized with static economy. Control, routine and stability represent the framework of static production. Schumpeter characterizes entrepreneurs according to will and act, which is the opposite and thereby the forces behind the young men who change to world to the better for all. Entrepreneurs are the creators of civilization. Conclusions. Land as an input factor in the production function represents an infinite wealth in the world. As a result of the increased degree of innovation, the world’s wealth is accelerating. Only wealth can be inherited, the ability to innovate cannot be inherited or transferred from father to son. Keywords. Land, inheritance; firstborn problematics; production function; primogeniture.
Abstract. Introduction. The article deals with a number of research questions. The main questions are what are the roots and definitions of innovation and entrepreneurship, who is the entrepreneur, what role does gender play, what are the consequences of interest on productive loans, what is the meaning of innovation managements and do organizations create innovations. Purpose. The purpose of the article is a scientific analyzes of the roots, definitions, and use of the phenomena described by the terms innovation and entrepreneurship Results. The research method is based on identifying a number of scientists dealing with the topics covering the research questions. The research period covers approximately 300 years. Even thou the modern use of the terms innovation and entrepreneurship might differ in the political and religious contexts of today, that disturbance has no influx on the deeper understanding and causes no diversions. Investing taxpayers' money in entrepreneurship will only result in loss, because politicians and governments do not have access to innovation, which means that their engagement will be limited to the static production function. Conclusions. The conclusion shows that the Franco-Austrian-Norwegian (FAN) scientific tradition of innovation and entrepreneurship based on Say, Schumpeter and Sandal is defining innovation, social innovation and entrepreneurship. In the historic, scientific analyzes, the entrepreneur is a male, not a female or any other gender. Furthermore, innovation is the foundation of all entrepreneurship.
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