In the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, a fast and efficient market launch is important to withstand global competition. Apart from the innovation of new products, the development of an appropriate production line is time-consuming. Modularization can accelerate the design and commissioning of a production plant. Herein, representative of a pharmaceutical process, the production, precisely the solid-liquid separation, of amino acids is considered. Therefore, the separation behavior of different amino acid systems and variations within solid systems are examined. With this information, a production plant is designed and differences regarding the amino acid systems are identified.
Testing of improved battery components and new electrochemical energy storage materials in a coin cell format as a test cell is becoming the state of the art. The pressure on the electrode surfaces inside an electrochemical cell is one of the important parameters for high ionic/electronic conductivity and the cyclic lifetime. A self-designed pressure monitoring cell allows both applying an adjustable pressure and monitoring the state of charge-dependent cell pressure during cycling. The load cell shows a reciprocal behavior of the temperature sensitivity dependent on the ambient temperature and requires constant temperature conditions while monitoring the cell pressure. Further, dependent on the initial cell pressure, the relaxation time of the assembled pressure monitoring cell must be considered. The present paper describes the setup, the influence of the environment temperature and the mechanical relaxation of the pressure monitoring cell. The first cycling results, using an NCM/graphite coin cell, demonstrate the functionality of the pressure monitoring cell measuring the cell’s pressure as a function of the C-rate.
Constraining lithium-ion cells increases the cyclic lifetime. However, depending on an expected volume expansion during charge and discharge cycling, defining the optimal constraining pressure range is not straightforward. In this study, we investigate a lithium iron phosphate/graphite pouch cell at four initial constraining pressure levels. As a function of C-Rate, the thermodynamic principle of the non-monotonic pressure curve during full charge and discharge cycles is evaluated. Using the rubber balloon model to calculate the chemical potential of lithium iron phosphate and discussing the relationship between the chemical potential and pressure, we illustrate the pressure curve qualitatively. By applying differential pressure analysis, we evaluate the resulting pressure curves of a single graphite stage. Approaching a fundamental understanding of reduced cycling lifetime of full cells with unknown material composition, we allocate the stages and stage transitions of graphite as well as the phase transition of lithium iron phosphate. Local extreme values in the differential pressure analysis indicate phase and stage transitions. These values can identify critical operating conditions that should be considered for defining the optimum initial constraining pressure range.
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