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Background: The Big Five are seen as stable personality traits. This study hypothesized that their measurement via self-ratings is differentially biased by participants' emotions. The relationship between habitual emotions and personality should be mirrored in a patterned influence of emotional states upon personality scores. Methods: We experimentally induced emotional states and compared baseline Big Five scores of ninety-eight German participants (67 female; mean age 22.2) to their scores after the induction of happiness or sadness. Manipulation checks included the induced emotion's intensity and durability. Results: The expected differential effect could be detected for neuroticism and extraversion and as a trend for agreeableness. Post-hoc analyses showed that only sadness led to increased neuroticism and decreased extraversion scores. Oppositely, happiness did not decrease neuroticism, but there was a trend for an elevation on extraversion scores. Conclusion: Results suggest a specific effect of sadness on self-reported personality traits, particularly on neuroticism. Sadness may trigger different self-concepts in susceptible people, biasing perceived personality. This bias could be minimised by tracking participants' emotional states prior to personality measurement.

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Patients serving prison sentences after unsuccessful forensic treatment are a high-risk group for recidivism. Alternative concepts of clinical and legal treatment of this group should be developed.