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Abstract. Anchor support currently represents a significant reinforcing technique in underground constructions. The principles of rock bolt reinforcement action are derived from various concepts of the underground excavation stability. In recent times, rock bolt design techniques have been complemented by numerical calculations procedures. The paper describes FEM modelling of a rock bolt system for mechanical and grouted bolts.

The following paper is divided into three parts. The first part recounts the history of tunnelling in the Czech Republic (CR). There is mention of the extensive underground spaces below several historic towns, the unique Rudolf's gallery constructed in 1582 to 1593 on the direct order of Hapsburg Emperor Rudolf II, and the first sewerage system in Prague with a sewage treatment plant completed in 1907, designed by the English engineer W.H. Lindley. More than 16 railway tunnels older than 150 years are still in operation in the CR, the oldest being the three Nelahozeves Tunnels from 1848 (two older tunnels, Tr̆ebovický and Slavíc̆, were closed). The second part of the paper is devoted to tunnelling technologies used in the CR. Major technologies are mentioned – e.g. the ring method connected with Prague metro construction and the NATM – the prevailing tunnelling method in the CR since the 1990s. The last part of the paper presents some important non‐transport underground structures in the CR (i.e. structures for water, power and utility purposes). Dieser Artikel ist in drei Abschnitte unterteilt. Der erste Teil geht auf die Geschichte des Tunnelbaus in der Tschechischen Republik ein. Zunächst werden die weiten unterirdischen Systeme beschrieben, die es unterhalb vieler historischer Städte gibt, so die einzigartigen Stollen Rudolfs, erbaut von 1582 bis 1593 auf direkten Befehl des Habsburger Kaiser Rudolf II, und das erste Kanalisationsnetz der Republik in Prag mit einer Abwasserbehandlungsanlage, entworfen vom englischen Ingenieur W.H. Lindley und fertiggestellt 1907. In der Tschechischen Republik sind noch immer mehr als 16 Eisenbahntunnel älter als 150 Jahre in Betrieb, die ältesten sind die drei Nelahozeves Tunnel von 1848 (zwei ältere Tunnel, Tr̆ebovický und Slavíc, wurden bereits stillgelegt). Der zweite Teil des Artikels widmet sich den Tunnelbaumethoden, die in der Tschechischen Republik eingesetzt wurden. Wichtige Bauweisen werden erwähnt, z.B. die Ringmethode, die verbunden wird mit der Konstruktion der Prager Metro, und die Neue Österreichische Tunnelbauweise, die am weitesten verbreitete Tunnelbauweise in der Tschechischen Republik seit den 1990er‐Jahren. Der letzte Teil des Artikels präsentiert einige wichtige unterirdische Konstruktionen der Tschechischen Republik unabhängig vom Transportwesen (Wasser‐, Elektrizitäts‐ und Versorgungswesen).

Eurocode 1998-5 for the design of earth retaining structures in seismic conditions describes calculations using the Mononobe-Okabe method. This simplified quasi-static procedure is to some extent very conservative. The article describes the limits of this method and brings out the comparison using theoretical numerical examples with other approaches. The first, is a calculation method introduced in the American NHCRP 661, the second, is the Chen and Liu method and the last one is the Mylokanis et al. method.

The paper is focused on the evaluation of the effect of earthquakes on underground structures. Free-field analysis is one solution of this task common mainly in engineering tunnelling practice, but it has some rather simplified aspects (e.g. equivalent shear strain is constant). Pseudostatic finite element calculation combines free-field analysis and the advantages of a FEM model. Dynamic effects are introduced in the form of displacements prescribed along the vertical boundaries of the FEM model in a usually static manner. This approach also implies constant material parameters for the geological profile in the horizontal direction, an arbitrary geometry of excavation, soil structure interaction and description of share waves as a time-dependent 1D analysis of the so called free-field column. Moreover, there is shown an example comparing pseudo-static FEM analysis with an analytical method. Finally, the advantages of the pseudo-static FEM method are presented.