The issues related to haemostatic disorders and their treatment are being widely discussed in the literature concerning the diagnosis and management of patients diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1][2][3]. The findings of numerous worldwide studies have demonstrated that the haemostatic system is one of the most important systems substantially impaired by the viral infection, which can result in serious life-threatening complications [4][5][6]. It is already known that hypercoagulation [7,8] is the dominant coagulopathy in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Its consequences in the form of blood clots and emboli in the blood vessels of various organs in combination with thrombocytopathy lead to severe disorders of haemostasis in some patients and require ICU treatment [9][10][11]. According to the literature data, the incidence of thromboembolic incidents in this group of patients reaches 43% and increases with the length of hospitalization [12,13]. The incidence of pulmonary embolism, which is observed most frequently, is six-fold higher in patients
Coronavirus disease, known as COVID-19, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, the first outbreak of which occurred in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019. The first case in Poland was confirmed on March 4, 2020 in a person returning from abroad. In September 2020, the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections worldwide exceeded 30 million and nearly one million people died.The most important clinical symptom of COVID-19 is severe pneumonia, which leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, the affected patients require the implementation of invasive mechanical ventilation techniques in the intensive care unit (ICU).
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are at increased risk of haemostasis disorders which result from changes in plasma and platelet (PLT) components [1]. Haemodialysis (HD) is the most common method of treatment used in patients with ESRD [2]. The contact between blood and the artificial surfaces of dialysis machines increases PLT reactivity and the production of coagulation factors. Consequently, this may lead to the occurrence of coagulopathy. It may also affect the natural process of blood clot dissolution (fibrinolysis) [3]. Concomitantly, damage in the vascular endothelium and changes in the activity of proteins participating in the coagulation cascade during the course of the ESRD may pose a risk of haemorrhage [1]. Furthermore, HD may only replace about 10% of proper
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