We found a high prevalence of self-declared rhinitis symptoms in the Belgian population, AR being about three times more prevalent than NINA. In addition, AR patients suffered from a greater number of symptoms and displayed a more 'persistent' and 'moderate-severe' ARIA profile than NINA. About 75% of patients seeking medical help suffer from 'moderate to severe' forms of rhinitis.
The present study examined the relationship between lactic acid concentration in capillary blood and swimming velocity during 11 typical endurance exercises (continuous swimming for 30 and 60 min, interval swimming with distances between 50 and 400 m, and with rest periods of 10 and 30 s) and during the "two-speed test" recently described by Mader. It was expected that a better understanding of these relationships could provide evidence how to adjust training intensities from results obtained during the two-speed test. Fifty-nine male swimmers of the German national level participated in this study. After a 30-min maximal swimming test, a mean lactic acid concentration of 4.01 +/- 0.75 mmol/l was found. The corresponding mean velocity was similar to the speed (V4) calculated for the 4 mmol/l level on the basis of the results obtained during the two-speed test (2 X 400). During 30 min continuous swimming at 95% to 105% of the velocity V4, there was a significant correlation (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001) between the swimming speed and the lactic acid concentration. In the 30-min maximal test, the velocity V4 correlated significantly with both the lactic acid concentration (r = -0.58, P less than 0.005) and the swimming speed (r = 0.97, P less than 0.001). During the interval exercises with rest periods of 10 s, the swimming velocities corresponding to the same lactic acid level as during continuous swimming, increased for the 50, 100, 200, and 400 m by 11.23%, 4.21%, 2.95%, and 2.02% of V4, respectively. With rest periods of 30 s, the swimming velocity for the 100, 200, and 400 m increased by 7.34%, 4.22%, and 3.01% of V4, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Beta-endorphin (beta-End) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) were determined in the peripheral blood of 14 human volunteers exercising on a bicycle ergometer. After 1 h of submaximal work below anaerobic threshold (AT), defined as the 4 mmol X l-1 lactic acid level in arteriolar blood (Kindermann 1979; Mader 1980), beta-End and ACTH levels did not change from control conditions. Eleven of the same 14 subjects performed an uninterrupted graded exercise test on the same bicycle ergometer until exhaustion. This time beta-End and ACTH levels increased concomitantly with exercise of high intensity: at each moment, during and after this maximal test, a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.0001) was noted between the levels of beta-End and ACTH. The peak values of these hormones were reached within 10 min after stopping maximal exercise, and coincided with lactic acid peak levels. A rise in lactic acid levels above the anaerobic threshold always preceded the exercise-induced rise in beta-End and ACTH. Within the population tested, two subgroups could be distinguished: one comprising individuals whose hormonal response nearly coincided with the rise in lactic acid (rapid responders) and a second group composed of subjects whose normal response appeared delayed with respect to the lactic acid rise (slow responders). These results support the view that beta-End and ACTH are secreted in equimolar quantities into the blood circulation in response to exercise, and suggest that metabolic changes of anaerobiosis play a key role in the regulation of stress-hormone release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Olbrecht J. Triathlon: swimming for winning. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 233-246, 2011. Swimming performance in triathlon gradually gets of overriding importance in view of the final positioning in a race. It is important to end up swimming in the leading group(s) and to consider the impact of the swim stage on the 2 remaining sports disciplines in order to outbalance the athlete's effort and to be able to keep racing for a good position until the end of the race. Unlike cycling and running where the performance mainly depends on conditioning, the performance in swimming is a subtle combination of conditioning and technical abilities. Even elite swimmers may lose a lot of performance if their outstanding conditioning is not coupled with an excellent swimming technique. Triathletes very often suffer from a lack of technique and despite the wetsuit, which partially outbalances this shortcoming, they spend a lot of energy in the swim stage without reaping any success, energy which is then not on hand anymore for the rest of the race. Therefore, swimming technique should be the groundwork in the multi-year planning AND should be focussed on in each training session during the whole carrier of the triathlete. Monitoring the combination of time/stroke rate/stroke length is thus a must. Periodisation in triathlon is much more complex than in "single" sports. Not only the sports specific weaknesses/strengths of the athlete but also the intrinsic interaction between cycling, running and swimming on training effects and his swim-technical qualities will rule the periodisation. Additionally the level of technique will also set volume, intensity and form of training exercises. Simple to complex tests can help to make the right choice. This makes from triathlon an exciting sport, not only for the athlete but also for the coach and supporting teams. This article will summarise some practical implications on periodisation and on swimming training in triathlon.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.