This study examined the effects of reinforcement on the acquisition of specific counseling interviewing skills. Reinforcement was manipulated in two ways (supervisor reinforcement and self-reinforcement). Results indicated that significant differences existed between the two treatment groups and the control group on three of the six hypotheses. For two of the hypotheses the supervisor-reinforced group significantly differed from the self-reinforced group. These outcomes were discussed in terms of the written behavioral instructions and the type of reinforcement that the treatment groups received.
This study investigated the effect of a verbal response model of assertiveness with nonassertive college female nursing students. The model is composed of three verbal components presented in a systematic training program. Twenty-five subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: the assertive training group (n = 7), the attention control group (n = 7), and the no-treatment control group (n = 11). The assertive training group learned and practiced the model. All groups were posttested on a selfreport scale, on responses to written situations, and on two scores of a videotape role-playing situation. Significant differences were found between the assertive training group and the attention control group and between the assertive training group and the no-treatment control group, but not between the attention control group and the no-treatment control group.Requests for reprints should be sent to Barbara
Research designs utilized in process and outcome studies published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology (1964Psychology ( -1968 were investigated using Campbell and Stanley's criteria for design analysis. The studies were evaluated in terms of the internal and external sources of invalidity inherent in the design. In general, the percentage of studies in which the sources of invalidity were identified as "weaknesses" or "possible weaknesses" exceeded the percentage of studies in which they were "controlled." The results also indicated that the majority of the designs were pre-experimental, specifically, onesshot case studies. Implications of the findings for counseling psychologists were discussed.
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