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OBJECTIVE: To determine if the source from which food is obtained has contributed to the increased obesity of the US population, while controlling for demographic, lifestyle and regional factors. METHODS: Multiple regression was used to estimate the effect of food source on body mass index (BMI) while accounting for other factors which have been shown to affect obesity in a nationally representative sample of the US population. SAMPLE: This study used secondary data from the 1994 ± 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII). The CSFII is a nationally representative sample of 16,103 individuals, obtaining for each respondent 24 h recalls of all food intake on two nonconsecutive days as well as demographics and information on lifestyle choices. RESULTS: For a large number of demographic and lifestyle factors, our results support those which have previously been found to contribute to increased overweight. Our contribution is to examine whether the source from which food is obtained also contributes to increased overweight. Our evidence suggests that this is the case. The average height for males in our sample was 1.77 m. For two such males, one who ate food away from home (FAFH) during the previous 24 h period and the other who did not, results suggest that the ®rst will be about 1 kg heavier, all other factors being equal. For two females of average height (1.63 m) the same is true for those who ate fast food, but not at restaurants. In all cases, except females who ate at restaurants, the effects are signi®cant in the regression (P`0.05). CONCLUSION: The trends in both increased US obesity and in increased consumption of FAFH are unlikely to be coincidental. FAFH, and particularly fast food consumption, are likely to be contributing factors to increased obesity.
Dynamic almost ideal demand systems are estimated for meat aggregates and for disaggregated meat products. Tests for weak separability show that consumers choose among meat products rather than meat aggregates such as “beef” or “chicken.” Therefore, tests for structural change in the meat aggregates may be biased. Tests for structural change in the meat products show an exogenous constant annual 6.4% growth in chicken parts demand from 1965 to 1985 and a 3.5% decline in beef table cut demand after 1974. Increased demand for convenience may explain these changes.
Given a relative lack of knowledge about Japanese consumer preferences for fish, Japanese fish demand is modeled using both Marshallian (ordinary) and inverse demand systems, each of which nests a number of competing specifications. Results indicate that the inverse demand systems dominate the ordinary demand systems in forecasting performance and in nonnested tests. The inverse system suggests that Japanese fish prices are less responsive to changes in consumption than found in previous studies. Copyright 1997, Oxford University Press.
This study proposes to quantify media messages about a tourist destination in the form of time series and then use these series as variables representing a qualitative factor of destination image in models of tourism demand. Quantified media messages, or Dynamic Destination Image Index series, are obtained applying content analysis methodology to media materials that reflect news volume, topics raised about the destination, and favorability of coverage. The methodology of quantifying media messages is demonstrated using articles about Russia published in three influential U.K. newspapers—the Times, the Guardian, and the Independent. To test whether media messages account for variance not captured by traditional econometric variables, the series were used in models of total and leisure U.K. arrivals to Russia for the period of 1993-2007. Four DDII-Russia news series were found to be significant factors in consumer destination choice.
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