LXXI1.-Researches on Silicon Compounds and their Derivatives. Part 111. The Action of Silicon Tetrabromide o n Allyland Phenylthiocnrbainides. Part I V. The Action of Ethyl Alcohol o n the Cornpound (H4N,CS)sSiBrd.
Background: Waddell and colleagues have identified a series of nonorganic signs which may appear in low back pain patients. The occurrence of these signs helps predict nonphysiological factors in the etiology of the pain. This study describes the development of the Waddell Equivalency Scale (WES) which elicits comparable information from patients with pain at other sites. Methods: One hundred fifty patients presenting to a comprehensive pain clinic with low back pain were evaluated by physicians for Waddell signs and by psychologists using the Pain Presentation Inventory (PPI) developed by Psychometric Designs Inc. From three scales of the PPI, correlation, analysis of variance and multiple regression identified a formula which predicted Waddell signs from the PPI. The study was replicated on a new sample of 150 patients with almost identical results. The two samples were combined, again with highly similar results. An interpretive scheme was devised for use of the WES scale. Results: The WES score derived from three scales of the PPI predicts the number of Waddell signs elicited from low back pain patients. Since it comes from a paper-and-pencil test rather than a physical examination, it can be used with patients whose pain locus is other than the back. Conclusions: Behavioral expectations and treatment plans, à la Waddell, can now be applied to patients with other than low back pain. Clinical application of the WES information over a variety of pain populations will be required to determine the parameters of its usefulness.
XOST of the work recorded in former papers of this series dealt with the action of silicon halides on organic compounds which include the amino-group, such as the anilines, toluidines, and naphthylamines. I n the course of the inquiry it has been shown for the first time t h a t perfectly well-defined and of ten finely-crystallised substances can be obtained in which silicon is wholly combined with nitrogen. This new class of compounds, and their chief products of change, having now been sufficiently described, I propose to give a n account of some similar work recently carried out with imides and nitriles. The particular imide used was pyrrole, C,H,N, as its nitrogen forms part of a ring instead of merely serving for the attachment of a side-chain to a carbon ring ; moreover, it was intended subsequently to apply a synthetic reaction of pyrrole t o silicochloroform, as described in P a r t XI1 (this vol., p. 508), and a preliminary examination of the action of the base with silicon tetrachloride became necessary ; the results obtained in this direction now follow. When silicon tetrachloride and dry pyrrole are brought together, the two liquids do not mix, and no change occurs even un warming.
REYNOLDS : RESEARCHES ON SILICON COMPOUNDS XLVL-Researches o n Silicon Compounds and their Derivutives. 0% Xilicotetr~p7ienylamide, Pamand Ortho-silicotetratol~l-Part V. anaides, a-and ~-Xilicotetrana~~hthylamides.
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