This article describes a year-long multicultural training seminar for psychology and social work interns in a university counseling center. The experiential, cross-disciplinary, peer-based rnultiforrnat structure of the group is discussed. The foundational philosophy, week-to-week mechanics, and trainee reactions over the last 7 years of conducting this seminar are reviewed.Este articulo presenta un programa de entrenarniento multicultural para estudiantes graduados en un centro de consejeria universitario. Se discuten 10s cornponentes experienciales y multi-disciplinarios del prograrna, y el us0 de distintos rnetodos y formatos. Se repasa las fundaciones filos6ficas, 10s mecanisrnos utilizados sernana por sernana, y las reacciones de 10s estudiantes. Todd Sevig is the clinical director, and James Etdorn is a counselingpsychologist, both at University of Michigan Counseling and Psychological Services. l3e authors thank Mary Fukuyama, Victoria Hays, and Mildred Tirado for their insights and he&fil comments on drafls of this article and also acknowledge previous facilitators of this seminar: Shirley Bradthaw, Pamela Motoike, A. Delories Sloan, and MildredTirado. Correspondence regarding this article should be sent to Todd Sevig, Counseling and Psychological Services, University ofMichigan, 530 South State St., Ann Arbor, MI48709 (e-mail: tdtevig@umich.edu).

We present a method for self-assembling arrays of live single cells on a glass chip using a photopatternable polymer to form micro-traps. We have studied the single-cell self-assembly method and optimized the process to obtain a 52% yield of single-trapped cells. We also report a method to measure the oxygen consumption rate of a single cell using micro-patterned sensors. These molecular oxygen sensors were fabricated around each micro-trap allowing optical interrogation of oxygen concentration in the immediate environment of the trapped cell. Micromachined micro-wells were then used to seal the trap, sensor and cell in order to determine the oxygen consumption rate of single cells. These techniques reported here add to the collection of tools for performing 'singe-cell' biology. An oxygen consumption rate of 1.05 ± 0.28 fmol min −1 was found for a data set consisting of 25 single A549 cells.

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Abstract

A B S T R A C T We have previously demonstrated that 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), whether administered in vivo or added to suspending media in vitro, promptly stimulates the in vitro accumulation of the nonmetabolized amino acids, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, and cycloleucine (CLE) by thymocytes isolated from weanling rats. In these studies, we have examined the in vitro interaction between catecholamines and T3 with respect to this effect. The previously reported enhancement of CLE accumulation in thymocytes by T3 in vitro (1 ,uM) was confirmed. When added alone in concentrations ranging between 10 nM and 0.1 mM, the adrenergic agonists, epinephrine and norepinephrine, had no effect on CLE accumulation. At a concentration of 1 ,uM, isoproterenol, terbutaline, and phenylephrine were also without effect. However, the effect of T3 was clearly potentiated by the concomitant addition of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and possibly isoproterenol, whereas terbutaline and phenylephrine were without effect. Neither basal nor T3-enhanced CLE accumulation was affected by the addition alone of the adrenergic blocking agents, propranolol (0.1 mM), phentolamine (10 ,uM), or practolol (0.1 mM). Nevertheless, the beta1-and beta2-antagonist, propranol, and the beta,-antagonist, practolol, blocked the increment in CLE accumulation produced by epinephrine; the alpha-antagonist, phentolamine, was without effect.The enhancement of CLE accumulation that occurred in the presence of T3, with or without epinephrine, was seen to be a result of an inhibition of CLE efflux, because T3 alone inhibited CLE efflux, and this effect was increased when epinephrine was also present. On This study was presented in part at The Eighth Annual Meeting of the European Thyroid Association, Lyon, France, October 1977.Received for publication 21 July 1978 and in revised form 6 December 1978. 1172 the other hand, neither T3 alone nor T3 plus epinephrine appreciably altered the rate of inward transport of CLE. As judged from studies of the ability ofthymocytes to exclude trypan blue, neither T3 alone nor T3 plus epinephrine either enhanced or impaired viability of cells during 3-h periods of incubation. Cell water content, measured with [3H]urea, was unaffected by T3, either alone or in the presence of epinephrine. In confirmation of previous results, the stimulatory effect ofT3 on CLE accumulation was unaffected by concentrations of puromycin sufficient to inhibit protein synthesis by at least 95%, and the potentiating action of epinephrine on the response to T3 was similarly unaffected. From these findings, it is concluded that the effect of T3 to increase CLE accumulation by thymocytes in vitro, though itselfindependent ofadrenergic mediation, is potentiated by beta1-adrenergic stimulation. This interaction appears distinctly different from other thyroid hormone-catecholamine interactions, in which thyroid hormones enhance physiological responses to catecholamines. Its mechanism remains unclear, but the properties of the T3 effect, and possibly the inte...