In the UK, Western Power Distribution (WPD) will be trialling a "Flexible Power Link" (FPL) as part of the Ofgem-funded Low Carbon Networks (LCN) Fund project, Network Equilibrium. The FPL is a power electronic AC-DC-AC device that allows for bidirectional transfer of real power and independent control of reactive power at each side. The trial device will be sited in WPD's network in the south west of the UK, allowing the interconnection of two separate areas of the network that could not normally be interconnected with AC only. This will allow for the balancing of power flows and management of voltages in the networks, enabling increased network utilisation and the integration of new loads and generation. This paper introduces the FPL concept and provides details of the method and results of a study used to understand the FPL's impact on the network, in particular its operational ranges of real power, reactive power, and voltage control set points.
The concept of self-force on a moving charge is introduced along with the idea of electromagnetic mass. Lorentz’s calculation of the self-force is presented that yields an analytical form of the self-force on an accelerating sphere of charge. The equations of motion for a charge including self-force are derived, known as the Abraham–Lorentz formula. This formula is applied to sinusoidal motion and constant acceleration and its general solution is shown to result in runaway and pre-acceleration. The Landau–Lifshitz approximation alleviates these issues and the self-force is shown to act only over an experimentally extremely short characteristic time. Additionally, issues include the problem that the dynamically calculated electromagnetic mass is 4/3 the statically calculated one; the introduction of Poincare stresses reconciles this difference. Finally, the infinite electromagnetic mass problem of a point-like particle is shown to be manageable by considering advanced as well as retarded waves in the potentials.
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