The objective of this study was to compare the relative feeding value of sorghum versus corn grain in rolled or steam-flaked forms in diets for lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows (averaging 110 DIM) were divided into four groups and fed diets of 40% grain as dry-rolled sorghum, steam-rolled corn, steam-flaked sorghum, or steam-flaked corn for 70 d. Compared with rolling, flaking of both grains increased yields of milk, milk protein and fat, and protein percentage of milk, but differences tended to be greater for sorghum than for corn. Efficiency of feed utilization was higher for steam-flaked than for dry-rolled sorghum but was unaffected by corn processing. Flaking of both grains increased total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, starch, ADF, and NDF. Estimates for NEL were 21% higher for flaked than for rolled sorghum and 6% higher for flaked than for rolled corn. No differences in performance of cows existed between corn and sorghum grains. Cows fed 40% of their diet as steam-flaked sorghum or corn yielded more milk and milk protein than those fed the rolled form of the grains, and no differences existed between types of grain fed.
Compared with short staple cottonseed, Pima cottonseed was higher in CP, ether extract, and oleic acid and lower in NDF, ADF, and linoleic acid. Pima cottonseed had greater bulk density, but short staple cottonseed had stronger seed coat strength; Pima cottonseed contained more of the (-)-gossypol isomer than short staple cottonseed. Lactating Holstein cows were fed whole short staple cottonseed, whole Pima cottonseed, and cracked Pima cottonseed at 15% of dietary DM for 70 d after a pretrial covariate period. The DMI was not significantly different among treatments, but cows fed whole Pima tended to yield less milk than those fed short staple and less FCM than those fed cracked Pima. Feed efficiency was improved by processing Pima cottonseed. Milk fat content was higher for whole and cracked Pima than for short staple cottonseed; gross feed efficiency was greatest for cows fed cracked Pima cottonseed. Whole cottonseed in feces was highest for whole Pima, intermediate for short staple, and negligible for cracked Pima cottonseed. Concentrations of milk stearic acid were lower, and linoleic acid higher, for cows fed cracked Pima than for cows fed short staple cottonseed. Total tract digestibility of ADF was least on the cracked Pima cottonseed diet, and ether extract digestibility was higher on cracked than on whole Pima cottonseed diets.
Twenty-four Holstein cows in midlactation during summer in southern Arizona were fed diets supplemented with a combination of blood, fish, and soybean meals (high quality protein) or corn gluten meal (low quality protein). Diets were balanced for CP content and estimated ruminal protein degradability, but they differed in Lys concentration (.98 vs. .59% of DM). Milk yield for the 56-d trial was higher by 11% for cows fed high than for cows fed low quality protein and higher by 9% for cows receiving evaporative cooling plus shade than for cows receiving shade alone. Milk fat and protein yields also were greater for high than for low quality protein and for evaporatively cooled plus shade than for shade treatments. Intake of DM tended to be higher for cooled cows but was unaffected by protein source. Cooled cows had lower rectal temperatures (38.6 vs. 39.1 degrees C) and respiration rates (64 vs. 82/min) than noncooled cows. Interactions between protein quality and cooling method were not statistically significant; however, cooled cows fed high quality protein had higher milk yield than noncooled cows. Digestibility of DM was higher for the low than for the high quality diet, but CP digestibilities were not different. Cows fed supplemental protein of higher Lys content were more productive.
Approximately half of the state legislatures in the USA have enacted tort reform, generally focused on reducing noneconomic damages such as those awarded for pain and suffering of traumatically injured parties. Traumatic injury has been empirically associated with the development of chronic pain, which in turn has been associated with the concept of human suffering. This analysis examines the meaning of suffering within the context of traumatically induced chronic pain, recognizing that this population is at heightened risk of experiencing long-term emotional as well as physical pain. Factors contributing to profound suffering include the potential development of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety, role/identity loss, maltreatment by a medical system generally inept in its management of chronic pain, and the negative manner in which personal injury victims are often treated by the legal system. While the American medical system struggles to identify suffering, the legal system-through tort reform-has chosen to simply ignore it, demonstrating little concern for the integrity of the vulnerable chronic pain sufferer. In doing so, the "destructed" chronic painient is further "deconstructed". We argue that by limiting the size of settlements and jury awards, tort reform serves to potentially deny personal injury victims of a critical vehicle for finding meaning in their suffering, and accordingly limits their likelihood of achieving relief.
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