Fowler, James F.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull. 2004 This review focused on the primary literature that described, modeled, or predicted the probability of postfire mortality in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The methods and measurements that were used to predict postfire tree death tended to fall into two general categories: those focusing on measuring important aspects of fire behavior, the indirect but ultimate cause of mortality; and those focusing on tissue damage due to fire, the direct effect of fire on plant organs. Of the methods reviewed in this paper, crown scorch volume was the most effective, easiest to use, and most popular measurement in predicting postfire mortality in both conifer species. In addition to this direct measure of foliage damage, several studies showed the importance and utility of adding a measurement of stem (bole) damage. There is no clear method of choice for this, but direct assessment of cambium condition near the tree base is widely used in Douglas-fir. Only two ponderosa pine studies directly measured fine root biomass changes due to fire, but they did not use these measurements to predict postfire mortality. Indirect measures of fire behavior such as ground char classes may be the most practical choice for measuring root damage. This review did not find clear postfire survivability differences between the two species. The literature also does not show a consistent use of terminology; we propose a standard set of terms and their definitions.
Many studies have investigated the ecological effects of roads and roadsides as both habitat and dispersal corridors for exotic plant species. Several of these compared roadside exotic species richness and abundance with adjacent interior habitats, but we found no studies of individual exotic species' abundance between the two habitats in the context of prescribed fire. We measured exotic species richness and individual species' abundance along roadsides and in adjacent interior habitat (. 150 m) before and after prescribed fire at three ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson) sites in northern Arizona. Eighteen of the 20 exotic plant species found in this study have been and continue to be intentionally introduced or are known agricultural seed contaminants. Roadsides had significantly higher exotic species richness than adjacent forest interior habitats, but only one site showed a significant (decreasing) fire effect on species richness. Four exotic plant species had significantly higher densities along roadsides at two of the three sites, and four species had no significant difference in abundance between habitats at any site supporting an individualistic species response hypothesis. Most exotic species showed no significant change in density post-prescribed fire suggesting that low-intensity prescribed fire may have minimal effect on exotic species diversity. Variability in total exotic species richness, composition, species' constancies, and species' densities between the three regionally similar sites suggests differing degrees and effectiveness of past management practices and policies such as intentional seeding. Resumen Muchos estudios han investigado los efectos ecológicos de las carreteras y los bordes de las carreteras como hábitats y corredores de dispersión para especies de plantas exóticas. Varios de estos compararon la riqueza y la abundancia de especies exóticas de los bordes de las carreteras con los hábitats interiores cercanos, pero nosotros no encontramos estudios de la abundancia individual de especies exóticas entre dos hábitats en el contexto de fuego prescrito. Nosotros medimos la riqueza de especies exóticas y la abundancia individual de especies a lo largo de los bordes de las carreteras y en un hábitat interior cercano (. 150 m) antes y despue´s de fuegos prescritos en tres localidades de Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson (pino ponderosa) en el norte de Arizona. Dieciocho de veinte especies de plantas exóticas halladas en este estudio han sido y continúan siendo introducidas intencionalmente o son conocidas como contaminantes de semillas agrícolas. Los bordes de las carreteras tienen riquezas de plantas exóticas significativamente más alta que los hábitats interiores cercanos del bosque, pero solo un sitio mostró un efecto significativo (reducción) al fuego en la riqueza de especies. Cuatro especies de plantas exóticas tuvieron densidades significativamente más alta a lo largo de los bordes de las carreteras en dos de los tres sitios, y cuatro especie...
Recently, wildfires and prescribed burning have become more frequent in conifer forests of western North America. Most studies examining the impacts of insects on trees with post‐fire injury have focused on contributions to tree mortality. Few studies have examined fire‐caused injuries to estimate the probability of attack by insects. Scant data quantifying insect associations with one another, or with live and dead fire‐injured trees, are available. We examined live and dead trees with varying levels of fire injury in wildfires in Colorado, Montana, Arizona and the Black Hills aiming to determine fire injury associated with insect infestation, co‐occurrence between insects and insect association with live and dead fire‐injured trees. Bole scorch height estimated the likelihood of attack by Ips spp. Diameter at breast height, bole scorch height and crown scorch height estimated the likelihood of attack by Dendroctonus valens LeConte. Diameter at breast height and bole scorch height estimated the likelihood of attack by wood borers. Ips spp., Dendroctonus valens and wood borers were associated with one another. Ips spp. beetles and wood borers were associated with dead fire‐injured trees, whereas D. valens was often associated with live fire‐injured trees. Focusing on certain fire‐caused injuries may identify trees targeted by Ips spp. beetles, Dendroctonus valens and wood borers.
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