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Article 59.1, of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code), which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, became effective from 30 July 2011. Since that date, each fungal species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification. All other previously used names for this species will be considered as synonyms. The older generic epithet takes priority over the younger name. Any widely used younger names proposed for use, must comply with Art. 57.2 and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this paper, we list all genera currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes (belonging to 23 orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and nonpleomorphic genera. In the case of pleomorphic genera, we follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single generic names for future usage. The taxonomic placements of 1261 genera are listed as an outline. Protected names and suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately. Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera. Notes are also provided on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in Dothideomycetes. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75 families, while 35 families still lack molecular data.

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The number of Fungi is estimated at between 1.5 and 3 million. Lichenized species are thought to make up a comparatively small portion of this figure, with unrecognized species richness hidden among little-studied, tropical microlichens. Recent findings, however, suggest that some macrolichens contain a large number of unrecognized taxa, increasing known species richness by an order of magnitude or more. Here we report the existence of at least 126 species in what until recently was believed to be a single taxon: the basidiolichen fungus Dictyonema glabratum, also known as Cora pavonia. Notably, these species are not cryptic but morphologically distinct. A predictive model suggests an even larger number, with more than 400 species. These results call into question species concepts in presumably well-known macrolichens and demonstrate the need for accurately documenting such species richness, given the importance of these lichens in endangered ecosystems such as paramos and the alarming potential for species losses throughout the tropics.diversification | global diversity prediction | Hygrophoraceae

Phylogenetic diversity of lichen photobionts is low compared to that of fungal counterparts. Most lichen fungi are thought to be associated with just four photobiont genera, among them the cyanobacteria Nostoc and Scytonema, two of the most important nitrogen fixers in humid ecosystems. Although many Nostoc photobionts have been identified using isolated cultures and sequences, the identity of Scytonema photobionts has never been confirmed by culturing or sequencing. We investigated the phylogenetic placement of presumed Scytonema photobionts and unicellular morphotypes previously assigned to Chroococcus, from tropical Dictyonema, Acantholichen, Coccocarpia, and Stereocaulon lichens. While we confirm that filamentous and unicellular photobiont morphotypes belong to a single clade, this clade does not cluster with Scytonema but represents a novel, previously unrecognized, highly diverse, exclusively lichenized lineage, for which the name Rhizonema is available. The phylogenetic structure observed in this novel lineage suggests absence of coevolution with associated mycobionts at the species or clade level. Instead, highly efficient photobiont strains appear to have evolved through photobiont sharing between unrelated, but ecologically similar, coexisting lineages of lichenized fungi ("lichen guilds"), via the selection of particular photobiont strains through and subsequent horizontal transfer among unrelated mycobionts, a phenomenon not unlike crop domestication.