Capecitabine is a chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of patients with metastatic cancers. This study aimed at determining the drug capecitabine in a simple chemiluminescence (CL) system of acidic potassium permanganate using the stopped‐flow injection technique. Statistical methods were used to detect optimum conditions. The method showed two linear calibration ranges from 6.7 × 10−6 to 6.7 × 10−5 mol L−1 and from 6.7 × 10−5 to 2.7 × 10−3 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 1.5 × 10−6 mol L−1. Chitosan‐modified magnetic nanoparticles were studied in the drug‐delivery experiments. According to the pH sensitivity of chitosan and low pH values in tumour cells, the chitosan‐coated magnetic nanoparticles could provide a good targeting drug‐delivery system to tumour sites. To evaluate the applicability of the method, the capecitabine‐loaded magnetic chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized with two different cross‐linkers; loading and releasing rates of the drug were investigated using the proposed CL method and an ultraviolet–visible light spectrophotometric method (absorption at 305 nm). The results showed a good correlation between the two methods, and it was found that the synthesized chitosan‐modified magnetic nanoparticles could be used for pH‐dependent release of capecitabine in cancer cells. Moreover, determination of capecitabine in tablets and synthetic samples was performed.
In the present study, ZnMnFeO4 and CoMnFeO4 tri-metallic spinel oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were provided using hydrothermal methods. The nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemical techniques. A reliable and reproducible electrochemical sensor based on ZnMnFeO4/CoMnFeO4/FTO was fabricated for rapid detection and highly sensitive determination of hydrazine by the DPV technique. It is observed that the modified electrode causes a sharp growth in the oxidation peak current and a decrease in the potential for oxidation, contrary to the bare electrode. The cyclic voltammetry technique showed that there is high electrocatalytic activity and excellent sensitivity in the suggested sensor for hydrazine oxidation. Under optimal experimental conditions, the DPV method was used for constructing the calibration curve, and a linear range of 1.23 × 10−6 M to 1.8 × 10−4 M with a limit of detection of 0.82 ± 0.09 μM was obtained. The obtained results indicate that ZnMnFeO4/CoMnFeO4/FTO nano sensors exhibit pleasant stability, reproducibility, and repeatability in hydrazine measurements. In addition, the suggested sensor was efficiently employed to ascertain the hydrazine in diverse samples of cigarette tobacco.
In the present study, ZnMnFeO4 and CoMnFeO4 tri-metallic spinel oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were provided using hydrothermal methods. The nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical techniques. A reliable and reproducible electrochemical sensor based on ZnMnFeO4/CoMnFeO4/FTO was fabricated for rapid detection and highly sensitive determination of hydrazine by differential pulse voltammetry. It is observed the modified electrode causes a sharp growth in the oxidation peak current and a decrease in the potential for oxidation contrary to the bare electrode. The cyclic voltammetry technique showed, there is high electrocatalytic activity and excellent sensitivity in the suggested sensor for hydrazine oxidation. Under the optimal experimental conditions differential pulse voltammetry method was used for constructing the calibration curve and a linear range of 1.23 × 10− 6 M to 0.18 × 10− 3 M with a limit of detection 0.82 ± 0.09 µM was obtained. The obtained results indicate that ZnMnFeO4/CoMnFeO4/FTO nano-sensor bears pleasant stability, reproducibility, and repeatability in hydrazine measurements. In addition, the suggested sensor was employed efficiently to ascertain the hydrazine in diverse samples of cigarette tobacco.
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