“…The design of transition metal nanostructures with high surface energy has a strong potential in the field of biosensing research. 63–65 In recent years, metal chalcogenides, metal phosphides, and nanocomposites with noble metal nanoclusters and carbon nanomaterials, nanocomposites were developed for sensing lactic acid under biological fluids. 65–67 In particular, transition metal-derived nanostructured electrode materials are considered promising candidates for designing electrochemical sensors and biosensor platforms due to their low cost, ease of biocompatibility, enzyme-mimic catalytic activity, and morphology-dependent physicochemical characteristics.…”