Using automatic sensor data, this is the first study to characterize individual cow feeding and rumination behavior simultaneously as affected by lameness. A group of mixed-parity, lactating Holstein cows were loose-housed with free access to 24 cubicles and 12 automatic feed stations. Cows were milked three times/day. Fresh feed was delivered once daily. During 24 days with effectively 22 days of data, 13,908 feed station visits and 7,697 rumination events obtained from neck-mounted accelerometers on 16 cows were analyzed. During the same period, cows were locomotion scored on four occasions and categorized as lame (n = 9) or not lame (n = 7) throughout the study. Rumination time, number of rumination events, feeding time, feeding frequency, feeding rate, feed intake, and milk yield were calculated per day, and coefficients of variation were used to estimate variation between and within cows. Based on daily sums, using each characteristic as response, the effects of lameness and stage of lactation were tested in a mixed model. With rumination time as response, each of the four feeding characteristics, milk yield, and lameness were tested in a second mixed model. On a visit basis, effects of feeding duration, lameness, and milk yield on feed intake were tested in a third mixed model. Overall, intra-individual variation was <15% and inter-individual variation was up to 50%. Lameness introduced more inter-individual variation in feeding characteristics (26–50%) compared to non-lame cows (17–29%). Lameness decreased daily feeding time and daily feeding frequency, but increased daily feeding rate. Interestingly, lameness did not affect daily rumination behaviors, fresh matter intake, or milk yield. On a visit basis, a high feeding rate was associated with a higher feed intake, a relationship that was exacerbated in the lame cows. In conclusion, cows can be characterized in particular by their feeding behavior, and lame cows differ from their non-lame pen-mates in terms of fewer feed station visits, faster eating, less time spent feeding, and more variable feeding behavior. Further, daily rumination time was slightly negatively associated with feeding rate, a relationship which calls for more research to quantify rumination efficiency relative to feeding rate.

Digital Marketplace is a market-based framework in which a network selection mechanism is facilitated through a variant of procurement first-price sealed-bid auction; that is, wireless network operators bid for the right to transport the subscriber's requested service over their infrastructure. In this paper, we create an economic model of this mechanism, and characterize the equilibrium under generic assumptions about the costs distributions of the network operators. Furthermore, the equilibrium is explicitly derived under more specific assumptions about the model; that is, two network operators and costs drawn from uniform distributions. In this case, we also characterize the expected prices the subscriber has to pay depending on their preferences about the service; for example, trading off quality for a lower price.

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Abstract-The work presented in this paper is targeted at the first phase of the test and measurements product life cycle, namely standardisation. During this initial phase of any product, the emphasis is on the development of standards that support new technologies while leaving the scope of implementations as open as possible. To allow the engineer to freely create and invent tools that can quickly help him simulate or emulate his ideas are paramount. Within this scope, a traffic generation system has been developed for IEC 61850

This version is available at https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/51403/ Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the Strathprints administrator: strathprints@strath.ac.ukThe Strathprints institutional repository (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk) is a digital archive of University of Strathclyde research outputs. It has been developed to disseminate open access research outputs, expose data about those outputs, and enable the management and persistent access to Strathclyde's intellectual output. Approximating Equilibrium in the Digital MarketplaceJakub Konka, Craig Michie, Ivan Andonovic, and Robert Atkinson Centre for Intelligent Dynamic Communications University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XW, UK Email: {jakub.konka, c.michie, i.andonovic, robert.atkinson}@strath.ac.uk, Abstract-Digital Marketplace is a market-based framework for trading mobile communications services at a service level. It is well suited for managing a future mobile communications environment where the one-to-one mapping between network operators and subscribers no longer holds, and the subscribers are given the option to select a network operator and a wireless access technology that matches their preferences best at a service level. As with any market-based framework, it is important to analyse the selling mechanism from the economic perspective. In this paper, we address the deficiencies of previous research on the economic equilibrium of the Digital Marketplace. We achieve this by proposing an approximation to the equilibrium of the Digital Marketplace through the use of an auction with common prior.