Mass boundary layer (10-350 µm) Viscous boundary layer (250-3000 µm) Air-side boundary layer (150-1500 µm) Reference level FigURe 2 | Gas transfer velocity as a function of the wind speed from many recent gas transfer field experiments including the dual tracer technique (DT), see Watson et al. (1991) and Wanninkhof et al. (1993), the radon deficit technique (Bender et al., 2011), and the global 14 C constraint (Naegler, 2009) together with some of the empirical gas transfer velocity/wind speed relations as indicated. Drawn in logarithmic scales on both axes after Garbe et al.
Long wave-length limit for photo-electric emission from caesium vapor.-Using a special quartz tube and taking precautions to avoid photo-electric emission from the electrodes, a narrow beam of nearly monochromatic light of gradually decreasing wave-length, was focused on the hot caesium vapor, and it was found that above 3220 A the emission was zero, between 3220 and 3145 A the emission changed linearly because of the width of the slit used, and below 3145 A the emission was practically constant. The mean, 3180 A, is taken as the critical wave-length. This is evidently identical with the convergence wave-length 3184.28 A, which is related to the ionization potential V{ according to the equation Vi=hc/e\{. Therefore the separation of an electron from a caesium atom requires the same amount of work whether produced by an impinging electron or by absorption of light.
2I3while the velocity of electrons emitted under the action of light of smaller or greater wave-length would decrease very rapidly. Some experiments made by E. Ladenburg ' make the theory of explosion or of simple resonance improbable.E. Ladenburg found that the velocity of electrons emitted from plates of platinum, copper and zinc, under the action of ultra-violet light of wave-lengths from 27o -22o pp, increases proportionally to the frequency of the light.
View related articles 964 Prof. J. Kunz on ~lectromagnetic and within two external electrodes connected to the terminals of the solenoid.3. The circular component produces an increase of frequency. The effect of circular currents can be separated from the effect of axial currents. 4:. The intensity of the circular current and the phase difference between this current and the induced electromotive force can be determined from the magnitudes of frequency variations.5. As a consequence of the experiments it became evide~Dt that the theory of induction as given by J. J. Thomson may be applied only to special cases when the induced currents are large enough to produce a conductivity in the gas sufficient to shield the electrostatic field of the excitation ~oil.Following our investigation Prof. Chas. T. Knipp checked our results by qualitative experiments in which luminous effects due to the two current components were made visible by a method of shadows*. Not only do his experiments confirm the existence of circular and axial currents, but they visualize also the effect of simultaneous action of both currents in accordance with our theory.In the following paper Prof. J. Kunz gives a theoretic.d investigation which led to more general expressions for the current in the discharg~ tube as function of the primary excitation current and of frequency variations. References of other authors who investigated electrostatic effects in electrodeless discharges are included in that paper.Acknowledgment is due to the students (M. McGregor, R. L. Gougler, W. A. Laning, Jr., and D. E. Chapman) who at different times assisted in the experiments and measurements.
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